“不止”的词汇化与语法化

Lexicalization and grammaticalization of“Buzhi(不止)”

先秦时期,否定结构“不+止”就已出现。两汉时期,“不止”处于否定结构到副词的过渡阶段。宋朝时“不止”词汇化为副词。韵律的制约、句法位置的变化、语义的泛化与虚化、使用频率的增加是“不止”副词化的动因,隐喻和重新分析是其副词化机制。现代汉语中,“止”由自由语素变为黏着语素,否定结构“不+止”演变为词汇单位,“不止”发展为动词。唐五代时,“不止”出现连词用法,宋代连词用法已经成熟。句法环境的变化是“不止”的语法化动因,类推是其语法化机制。在与“不但”“不只”“不仅”等词的竞争中,到现代汉语时“不止”的连词用法消失。

In the pre-Qin period,the negative structure“Bu+Zhi(不+止)”appeared.In the Han Dynasty,“Buzhi(不止)”was in the transition stage from negative structure to adverb.“Buzhi(不止)”became an adverb in the Song Dynasty.The restriction of prosody,the change of syntactic position,the generalization and virtualization of semantics,and the increase in frequency of use are the reasons for the adverbialization of“Buzhi(不止)”,and metaphor and reanalysis are its adverbialization mechanism.In modern Chinese,“Zhi(止)”has changed from a free morpheme to an adhesive morpheme,the negative structure“Bu+Zhi(不+止)”has changed into a lexical unit,and“Buzhi(不止)”has developed into a verb.In the Tang and Five Dynasties,the usage of the conjunction“Buzhi(不止)”appeared and matured in the Song Dynasty.The change of syntactic environment is the grammaticalization motivation of“Buzhi(不止)”,and analogy is its grammaticalization mechanism.In the competition with“Budan(不但)”,“Buzhi(不只)”and“Bujin(不仅)”,the use of conjunctions of“Buzhi(不止)”has disappeared in modern Chinese.