叙利亚冲突中主权与人权原则的大国博弈

Game between Great Powers on the Principles of Sovereignty and Human Rights in the Syrian Conflict

国家行为决定于国家利益,但国家行为也受国际规范的影响。叙利亚冲突中各参与力量的行为就是如此,其一方面受利益驱动,另一方面又受到诸如主权原则、人权原则等规范的影响。尽管叙冲突参与方均认为主权原则和人权原则都重要,都应该得到遵守,但为了很好地实现各自利益,它们在互动行为中表现出了对两种规范原则的不同偏好:干涉方表现出人权原则优先于主权原则的偏好;反干涉方表现出主权原则优先于人权原则的偏好。主权原则和人权原则何者更优先这一国际规范问题就在双方的互动行为中产生了。这种互动行为主要包括:围绕是否对叙实施“保护的责任”而展开的斗争;围绕叙化武袭击事件而展开的斗争;围绕对叙跨境人道主义救援而展开的斗争。在国际斗争中,一国准确把握斗争过程中规范层面的问题,对于保持自身国际话语的一致性,增强自身的国际话语权具有重要意义。

State behavior is determined by national interests,but state behavior is also affected by international norms.This is the case with the actions of the participating forces in the Syrian conflict,which are driven by interests on the one hand and influenced by norms such as the principles of sovereignty and human rights on the other.Although the participants in the Syrian conflict believe that the principles of sovereignty and human rights are both important and should be observed,in order to realize their respective interests well,they have shown different preferences for the two normative principles in their interaction:the interfering parties have shown a preference of“human rights principles take precedence over sovereignty principles”;anti-interventionists have shown a preference of“sovereignty principles take precedence over human rights principles”.In this way,the international normative question of“which is first,the principle of sovereignty or the principle of human rights”arises in the interactions between the two sides.This kind of interactive behaviors mainly includes:the struggle over whether to implement the“responsibility to protect”against Syria;the struggle over chemical weapons attacks in Syria;and the struggle over cross-border humanitarian assistance to Syria.In international struggle,it is of great significance for a country to accurately grasp the normative issues in the process of struggle to maintain the consistency of its international discourse and enhance its international discourse power.