格萨尔史诗传统的在地保护实践与社区内生动力

On the Localized Protection Practice for Safeguarding the Tradition of Epic of Gesar with Community-based Endogenous Motivation

进入21世纪以来,随着非物质文化遗产保护工作的持续推进,以社区为基础,以过程为方法,都需要转变观念和认识,回到格萨尔史诗传统得以存续的生活实践中去,以突破“以文本为中心”和“以艺人为中心”的传统保护模式。通过近期田野定点调查,来自青海玉树的3个案例——江西仲措的村落实践、江西霍仓的家族传承以及本地贤能益西堪布的跨社区协理——为分析由社区自发驱动的非遗保护实践提供了基层民间的行动模式,映射了从社区视角理解相关社区、群体和个人的路径选择、在地实践及其朝向可持续发展的内生动力,而对史诗传统本身的保护也辐射至与史诗传统互为关联的其他非遗项目,由此彰显了“以社区为中心”的多元行动方及其功能互补合作的协同增效途径。

Since the beginning of the 21st century,with the continuous advancement of the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage,it is necessary to change the conception and understanding of community-based approaches and process-based methodologies,returning to the real-life practice for the survival of Epic of Gesar,thereby breaking through the two traditional“the text-centered”and“the artist-centered”modes of protection.Through a recent field survey,three case studies with the participatory observations from Yul Hrul Prefecture,Qinghai province,namely,the village-based gyam shis grong tsho practice,the clan-based gyamshishortshang inheritance and the local capable yid shes'cross-community coordination provide a threefold model of grassroots actions for analyzing community-driven practices for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage,reflecting the understanding of the path choice,local practice and endogenous motivation towards sustainable development amongst the communities,groups and individuals concerned from the community-based perspective,and the safeguarding of Epic of Gesar also has impacts on other ICH projects that are interconnected with the epical tradition itself,thus highlighting the synergistic approach of“community-centered”multiple actors and their complementary functional cooperation.