新高考综合改革十周年回望:自由选科与理工类人才培养困境及其破解

Predicaments in Cultivating Science and Engineering Professionals Caused by Free Selection of Subjects and Their Solutions:A Ten⁃year Review of the Comprehensive Reform of the New College Entrance Examination

2024年是新高考综合改革十周年,这场改革对高中教育和高等教育均产生了深刻影响。其中,自由选科的模式给高校理工类人才培养带来了困境:高考未选考物理、化学造成“教与学的双边痛楚”,进而导致挂科率升高与毕业率降低,以及转专业需求增多与名额限制之间的矛盾。究其缘由在于,逃避物理、化学的功利性选科行为造成学生理化基础薄弱。破解理工类人才培养困境,是一个迂回曲折、不断探索完善的过程。目前来说,高校采取的治标之策包括:开设补习课程;降低专业课程难度,加大学生学习强度;实施分层分类培养及朋辈帮扶等。基于此,回归传统高考文理分科模式的呼声再次响起,同时,通过科学设置高校招生专业选考科目指引,引导报考理工类专业考生同时选考物理、化学也是一种途径。

2024 is the tenth anniversary of the comprehensive reform of the new college entrance examination.This reform has had a profound impact on high school education and higher education.The mode of free selection of subjects in the reform has created difficulties for the cultivation of science and engineering professionals in colleges and universities.Not selecting physics and chemistry in the college entrance examination has caused pain to both the teaching and learning sides,which in turn has led to an increase in the failure rate and a decrease in the graduation rate,as well as the contradiction between the increasing demand for changing majors and the quota limit.The reason is that the utilitarian choice of subjects to avoid physics and chemistry has left the students with a weak foundation in physics and chemistry.Solving the problems is a constant improving process rather than an action overnight.At present,the measures taken by colleges and universities to address the problems in cultivating science and engineering professionals include offering remedial courses,lowering the difficulty of professional curriculum and increasing students’learning intensity,and practicing stratified and categorized teaching and peer support.Therefore,there have been voices calling for a return to the traditional model of two types of exams for college entrance,namely the science exam and the liberal arts exam.Another option is to guide candidates for science and engineering majors to take both physics and chemistry through the scientific setting of guidelines for elective subjects for college admissions.