法定犯未必的违法性认识:界定与适用

The Cognition of Non-necessarily Ilegality of Statutory Offence:2024年第1期Definition and Application

在法定犯时代,司法实践常以被告人认识到可能的违法性来回应违法性认识错误的抗辩,这涉及我国刑法理论关注不多的“未必的违法性认识”。界定未必的违法性认识时,不能直接挪用间接故意与过失的界分方案,而是应提倡侧重认识因素的“可能性说”。在行为人陷入不可消除的不法怀疑,且选择适法行为的能力受到影响的条件下,未必的违法性认识会引发期待可能性和责任的降低。未必的违法性认识在法定犯处存在典型的适用场景。在具体的应用示例中,当行为人因执行上级命令而构成法定犯时,前置法会就未必的违法性认识的处罚规则作出特别规定,执行者的罪责可能会据此被排除。此外,对超标车是否属机动车之争,也可借助法定犯未必的违法性认识的思路建立新的解决方案。

In the era of Statutory Offence,judicial practice often responds to the cognitive error of illegality by the defendant's awareness of possible illegality,which involves the"cognition of non-necessarily illegality"that has received little attention in our criminal law theory.When defining"cognition of non-necessarily illegality",we should not directly misappropriate the boundary scheme of indirect intention and negligence.Instead,the"possibility theory"focusing on the knowledge factors should be advocated.Under the condition that the actor falls into an irremovable suspicion of illegality and his ability to choose a lawful act is compromised,cognition of non-necessarily illegality may lead to a reduction in the possibility of expectation and liability.There are some typical scenarios in which the cognition of non-necessarily illegality is aplicable in statutory offence.In terms of specific application examples,when the actor constitutes a statutory offence because of the execution of the superior order,the antecedent law will make special provisions on the punishment rules that may not be aware of the illegality,and the actor's criminal responsibility may be excluded accordingly.A new solution to the dispute over whether an superstandard vehicle is a motor vehicle can also be established from the perspective of cognition of non-necessarily illegality in statutory offence.