论被监护人侵权之诉的被告:兼评《民法典》侵权责任编解释征求意见稿第七条

On the Defendant in Ward Tort Claims:Commenting on Article 7 of the Exposure Draft of the Interpretation of Tort Liability Book in Civil Code

根据《关于适用〈中华人民共和国民法典〉侵权责任编的解释(一)(征求意见稿)》第七条的规定,被监护人侵权之诉中应将监护人和被监护人列为共同被告。该内容与实体法和程序法规定相悖的同时,也背离了司法解释的制定规则。从立法出发,《民法典》第一千一百八十八条所确立的监护人责任应为严格的个人责任,受害人应以监护人为单独被告提起被监护人侵权之诉。但现行实体法规定存在监护人责任过重,各个主体之间权益不均衡的问题,不利于现代侵权法预防功能的实现。基于此,应当以年龄为形式标准确立未成年人民事责任制度,具备民事责任能力的未成年人有为其行为承担侵权责任的能力,应当作为侵权纠纷的适格被告。

According to Article 7 of the Interpretation of the Book of Tort Liability in Civil Code(I)(exposure draft),the guardian and the ward shall be listed as co-defendants in the ward tort claim.This content is contrary to the provisions of substantive law and procedural law at the same time,but also deviates from the formulation rules of judicial interpretation.From the legislative point of view,the guardian responsibility established by Article 1188 of the Civil Code shall be strict personal liability,and the victim should file a tort lawsuit with the guardian as a separate defendant.However,the current provisions of the substantive law has the problem of excessive guardian responsibility and the imbalance of rights and interests among various subjects,which is not conducive to the realization of the preventive function of modern tort law.For this reason,the civil liability system for minors should be established on the basis of age as a formal criterion.Minors with the capacity for civil liability,who are capable of assuming tort responsibility for their actions,should be regarded as eligible defendants in tort disputes.