法家政治思想中的道家哲学:渊源与异变

Taoist Philosophy in Legalist Political Thought:Origins and Changes

长期以来,法家思想中的道家政治哲学渊源因为法家思想的高度“经验化”特征而被遮蔽。依据观念史文本分析,自法家“势治”流派代表人物慎到开辟“援老入法”路径以来,善道引领下的“良政”一度成为早期法家理论家的理想蓝图,“道法融通”一度成为法家诸流派的研学方向。然而,法家“法治”派所开辟的“事功”倾向,逐渐遮蔽了针对法家的道家化“形而上”命题而作的探讨,再经由韩非子和李斯的“术治”改造,法家根据“因循”、“守静”、“自然”而追寻的“良道善政”的理想,转化为“幽闭群臣”的“权术督责”之道。

The Taoist roots of political philosophy in legalist have long been obscured by the highly pragmatic nature of legalist thought.Based on a study of conceptual history,since the emergence of the"supporting the old with the new"approach initiated by Shenzi,a representative of the"Power-Politics"faction in legalist,the concept of"good governance"under the guidance of the Tao has once been an ideal blueprint for early legalists and the integration of Taoism and legalist has become a focus of research across various schools in legalist.However,the tendency toward achievements and contributions advocated by the"Rule of Law"faction in legalism gradually obscured the exploration of the metaphysical propositions of legalism influenced by Taoism.After the transformation brought by Han Feizi and Li Si's technocratic rule,the ideal of"good governance under the guidance of Tao by following customs,keeping quiet and complying with nature,"pursued by legalist,was transformed into the authoritarian rule and supervision of confined officials.