全面抗战时期国民政府中印公路的筹修与交涉

Construction and Negotiation of China-Indian Road by the National Government During the Counter-Japanese War

中印公路又称“康印公路”、“滇印公路”、“史迪威公路”,是全面抗战时期国民政府修筑的中国至印度的国际通道。广州沦陷之后,中国海上国际交通线被日军封锁,国民政府计划修筑一条经西藏到印度的国际交通线,以支持长期抗战,并解决一系列内政外交国防问题。英国政府为保证自身利益,意图将西藏置于中国、苏联、印度的“缓冲国”地位,反对国民政府修建经过西藏的中印公路。在英国的怂恿下,西藏地方政府改变与中央政府的合作态度,拒绝中印公路勘测队进入西藏,由此引发国民政府与英国政府、印度政府及西藏地方政府的反复交涉与折冲,更导致国民政府与西藏地方政府的军事对峙,诱发西藏地方政府“外交局”的设立。国民政府作出妥协,改建中印公路南线,暂时放弃经过西藏区域的北线,但在日军的进攻之下,中印公路南线的修建被迫搁置。太平洋战争爆发后,在盟军的介入下,中印公路才得以修建完成,且经过的路线几经修改,其本身所蕴含的政治与国防功能大大降低。

The China-India Road,also called"Xikang-India Road","Yunnan-India Road"and"Stilwell Road",is an international passage between China and India built by the National Government during the Counter-Japanese War.After the fall of Guangzhou,China's international maritime transportation routes were blocked by the Japanese army.The National Government planned to build an international transportation route from Tibet to India in order to support long-term resistance to the Japanese invaders and to solve a series of internal,diplomatic,and national defense problems.However,in order to maintain its own interests,the British government attempted to remove Tibet from being in alignment with China,the Soviet Union,and India,and placed it in a"buffer country"position.They were against the Nationalist Government's building of the China-India highway that would pass through Tibet.Under the instigation of the British,the local government of Tibet changed its cooperative attitude with the central government,refused entry to the China-India highway survey team,and thereby triggered repeated negotiations and conflicts among the National Government,the British government,the Indian government,and the local government of Tibet.It also led to a military confrontation between the Nationalist Government and the local government of Tibet,which prompted the establishment of the"Foreign Affairs Bureau"by the local government of Tibet.The National Government made a compromise by redesigning the south line of the China-India highway and temporarily abandoning the north line that passed through Tibet.However,in the face of aggression from the Japanese army,the construction of the south line was forced to be suspended.After the outbreak of the Pacific War,with the intervention of the Allies,the China-India highway was finally completed,however,the route it took had undergone numerous changes,and its political and national defense functions were greatly reduced.