人工智能时代自动驾驶中的注意义务

The Duty of Care about Autonomous Driving in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

如果在一场自动驾驶汽车导致的事故中有人受伤甚至死亡,要考虑自动驾驶汽车生产者的刑事责任,其他可能的责任人是汽车的所有人和司机。对于自动驾驶汽车生产者的注意义务,要求助于过失犯的一般性规定,产品责任方面公认的原则要得到运用。自动驾驶汽车所有人对该汽车有监督义务并且必须确保交通处于安全状态。对于完全自动型的自动驾驶汽车而言,司机有义务监督启动巡航定速后的危险速度,还具有对自动驾驶汽车开始行驶前运行能力的监督义务。遵守民事责任原则并非不重要,但民事过失责任与刑事过失责任通常只有一些不重要的区别,法人可能不承担刑事责任。应提高对责任而言必要的过失的程度,并考虑只将对重要注意义务的违反提升为刑法非难的对象,以及保留明确规定的故意和过失构成要件的刑事责任。

If someone is injured or even killed in an accident caused by an autonomous vehicle,the criminal responsibility of the autonomous vehicle manufacturer should be considered.Other possible responsible persons are the owner and driver of the vehicle.As for the duty of care of autonomous vehicle producers,it needs to resort to the general provisions of criminal negligence,and the recognized principles of product responsibility should be applied.The owner of an autonomous vehicles has the obligation to supervise the vehicle and must ensure that the traffic is in a safe state.For a fully automatic autonomous vehicle,the driver has the obligation to supervise the dangerous speed after starting the cruise control,as well as the supervising obligation of the operation ability of the autonomous vehicle before driving.It is not unimportant to abide by the principle of civil responsibility,but there are usually only some unimportant differences between civil negligence responsibility and criminal negligence responsibility,and legal person may not bear criminal responsibility.We should enhance the degree of negligence which is necessary for responsibility,consider only upgrading the violation of the important duty of care to the subject of the accusation of criminal law,and retain the criminal responsibility of clearly constitutive elements of deliberation and criminal negligence.