明清时期黄运交汇下苏鲁豫皖接壤地带的耕作制度变迁

The Changing Farming System in the Area Bordering Jiangsu,Shandong,Henan and Anhui as Influenced by the Altered Course of the Yellow River During the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期漕运受黄河夺淮影响,先后有“借黄行运”“避黄行运”“束水攻沙”“蓄清敌黄”等一系列治黄保运措施,尤其潘季驯治河之后,大筑堤防,将黄河河道固定在归德—徐州—淮安一线,采用“束水攻沙”之法,导致黄河河床不断升高,原进入泗水的沂、沭、濉诸河流出路受阻,致使水系紊乱,苏鲁豫皖接壤地带的环境产生了剧烈变化。受黄河泛滥及汛期影响,鲁南、豫东、苏皖北部的耕作制度在黄河泛淮期间出现了“逆变”,即稻作农业变为以麦、豆为主的旱地农业。

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the Huaihe River was captured by the Yellow River after the later altered its course.Consequently,a series of measures were taken to control the Yellow River and ensure transportation in the Grand Canal,such as“transport by the Yellow River”,“avoiding the Yellow River”,“sluicing sand with water”and“storing clear water against Yellow River”.But the second last strategy also led to the rise of the Yellow River riverbed.Drastic environmental changes happened in the border area between Jiangsu,Shandong,Henan,and Anhui,resulting in the“inversion”of the farming system,namely rice agriculture gave way to dryland agriculture based on wheat and beans.