从线性防御到网罗全省:清代贵州军事地理格局的调整与完善

From Line to Network:the Adjustment and Improvement of Defense Pattern in Guizhou Province in Qing Dynasty

清代通过改土归流、改卫归县、开辟“苗疆”等方式打破“一线之外,四顾皆夷”局面,系列政区改划又使贵州省域范围大幅拓展。人文地理环境变化也影响了军事格局,清廷改变了明代的线性防御,以提督坐镇安顺控制黔中腹地,巡抚坐镇贵阳直管新辟“苗疆”屯军,二者皆可节制全省兵马。又设总兵于镇远,负责驿道东部安全并分兵重点驻防松桃、台拱、清江三处新辟“苗疆”。黔西北、黔东南、黔西南三处新纳入流官系统的地区,分别设立威宁、古州、安义三镇总兵,以营汛渗透乡村,与一线路的防御相呼应,从而达到控制全省的目的。

The Qing government achived effective governance of the whole of Guizhou province by altering the native chieftain system into governmental appointed officials,establishing garrisons,county-level administrations and pioneering new frontiers,ending up the situation that all were wild beyond the settled line.This also rendered great changes in the patterns of military geography.The Qing government transformed the linear defense military mode of the Ming dynasty into a more ambitious“two-governor”system:one in Anshun to control the hinderland of Guizhou,and the other in Guiyang to manage the soldiers from the newly subdivided land.Both of the governors could mobilize the troops around the province.In addition,a generalship was set up in Zhenyuan to safeguard the eastern courier route and gain special control of the new land of Songtao,Taigong and Qingjiang.Generals of Weining,Guzhou and Anyi were also set up to manage the northwest,southeast and southwest,respectively.The new governance penetrated into countryside and achieved the goal of controlling the province as a whole.