税收激励如何影响企业内分工?

How Does Tax Incentives Affect Division of Labor Within Firms?

分工是推动经济增长的重要力量,现有研究主要关注企业间分工但忽略了企业内分工。中国“营改增”消除重复征税产生了税收激励,本文以此为切入点,讨论改革究竟是促进企业分工还是引致企业拆分。这不仅弥补了现有研究不足,还为企业内分工领域研究提供了中国经验证据。本文通过构建包含工商注册、税务信息、企业股权网络和投融资信息的数据,采用三重差分方法尝试回答上述问题。研究发现:(1)“营改增”显著促进企业内分工,存续时间更长的企业这种效应更显著;(2)“营改增”通过两种方式降低企业税负,体现为小规模纳税人身份的分公司和一般纳税人身份的分公司数量均出现显著增加;(3)这种分工实质上是企业的分拆行为,规模偏向型的税收激励是导致这种现象的主要原因,所有者和代理者均有意愿促成这一现象;(4)企业以私营企业为主要对象进行外部关联,同时存续时间出现显著降低。上述分析视角能回答中国企业快速进入、关联性不断增加和企业存续期减少的特征事实。在此意义上,部分企业对税收政策产生了政策依赖现象,通过分拆进而享受相应的政策优惠,这成为今后制定和完善相关税收政策需要关注的重要方面。

Division of labor is an important force driving economic growth,and existing research mainly focuses on inter enterprise division of labor but neglects division of labor within enterprises.China's "business tax reform to value-added tax" generates division of labor incentives by eliminating duplicate taxation.This article takes the internal division of labor of enterprises as the research perspective,and discusses whether this division of labor incentive promotes the expansion of enterprise scale or leads to enterprise splitting.This not only fills the gaps in existing research,but also provides Chinese empirical evidence for research in the field of division of labor within enterprises.This article attempts to answer the above questions by constructing data that includes the business registration,tax information,corporate equity network,and investment and financing information,and using a triple difference method.Research has found that:(1) The reform significantly promotes division of labor within enterprises,and this effect is more significant for enterprises with longer survival time.A series of robustness tests support the above judgment;(2) The reform has reduced the tax burden of enterprises in two ways,as evidenced by a significant increase in the number of branches with small-scale taxpayer status and those with general taxpayer status;(3) This division of labor is essentially a splitting behavior of enterprises,with scale biased tax incentives being the main reason for this phenomenon,and both owners and agents are willing to contribute to this phenomenon;(4) Enterprises strengthened external engagements with private enterprises,while their duration significantly decreases.The above analysis can explain the characteristics of rapid entry and increasing relevance of Chinese enterprises,and also provide a way for the gradual reduction of the survival period of Chinese enterprises.In this sense,some enterprises emerged a path dependence phenomenon which relied too much on tax policies by splitting off to enjoy corresponding benefits.This has become an important aspect that needs to be paid attention to when formulating and improving relevant tax policies in the future.