教育社会学不能基于“自然”范畴

Sociology of Education cannot be Based on “Nature” Category

教育社会学肯定与“社会”范畴脱不了干系。但人类社会之初,“社会”本身不是一种自足的观念,而是依附于“自然”观念。教育也是如此,强调的是率性修道。这种活动赖以展开的,是一个“实质性共同体”的世界,其最内在的方面就是“自然”——或者是孟子说的自然人伦,或者是老子说的自然之道,或者是柏拉图眼中的理念世界。当然,人们在此也不是完全受制于外物的约束。但无论其中超越性的力量何等强大,这里的社会本身都不是一套需要我们睁开眼睛去看的独特事实,而是一个只能从传统的伦理道德或先验逻辑的角度去解释的领域。“社会”观念真正成为生活中的主导观念,是近现代一系列变革的产物。正是在这一过程中,“社会”被确认为一种凭其自身即可存在的现实,一个无论我们喜欢与否都要与之打交道的领域。由此,人们最终关注到“社会事实”乃至“道德事实”本身的方法论意蕴。不但教育社会学由此兴起,整个教育都因此焕然一新。

The sociology of education is certainly inseparable from the category of“society”.However,at the beginning of human society,“society”itself was not a self-sufficient concept,but the belief that“social law nature”prevailed.The same is true of education,with an emphasis on spontaneous monasticism.This activity depends on a world of“substantial community”,the innermost aspect of which is“nature”,or the natural human nature mentioned by Mencius,or the natural way of Lao Tzu,or the world of ideas in Plato's eyes.Of course,people are not completely bound by foreign objects here.But no matter how powerful the transcendent forces may be,society itself is not here a unique set of facts that we need to open our eyes to,but a field that can only be explained in terms of traditional ethics or a priori logic.The concept of“society”has truly become the dominant concept in life,and it is the product of a series of changes in modern times.It is in this process that“society”is recognized as a reality that exists on its own,a field with which we like it or not.Thus,people finally pay attention to the methodological implications of“social facts”and even“moral facts”themselves.Not only did the sociology of education emerge,but the whole of education was completely renewed.