“学校离村”与“教育进城”:新时代乡村学校发展的格局转变与治理转型

“Schools Leaving the Village” and “Education Entering the City”:The Pattern Change and Governance Transformation of RuralSchool in the New Era

乡村学校的“离村”表面上看是由于人口进城、人口锐减,深层原因则在于中国的乡村形态正从乡土中国向城乡中国发生巨变。乡村学校在国家极力保留的政策导向下仍逐渐走向自然消失,布点减少、规模小微、村落“退场”并迅速向城镇集聚,教育的重心上移,且乡村学校不再“定居静止”于乡村,而是“迁徙流动”于城乡。乡村学校的问题出在乡村,但治理的向度不只是乡村。构建新时代乡村学校的治理体系,一是治理理念上要从城乡二元对立转向城乡互融共生;二是治理范式上要从立足村庄内部转向着眼于县域整体;三是治理方法上从被动回应性治理转向前瞻科学性研判。

On the surface,the“departure from the villages”of rural schools is caused by the population moving to the cities and the sharp decline of the population,but the deeper reason is that China's rural form is changing dramatically from rural China to urban and rural China.Under the guidance of the policy that the state has tried to preserve,rural schools are still gradually disappearing naturally,with fewer locations,small scales,villages“withdrawing”and rapidly agglomerating to cities and towns,and the focus of education has shifted upward,and rural schools are no longer“settled and stationary”in the countryside,but“migrated and flowed”in urban and rural areas.The problem of rural schools lies in the villages,but the governance dimension is not limited to the villages.To build a governance system for rural schools in the new era,firstly,the governance concept should shift from the duality of urban and rural areas to the integration and symbiosis of urban and rural areas;Second,the governance paradigm should shift from being based on the village to focusing on the county as a whole;Third,the governance method has shifted from passive and responsive governance to forward-looking scientific research and judgment.