后冬奥时代冰雪运动致害风险规避机制的检视与完善——基于693份裁判文书的分析

Inspection and Improvement of Risk Aversion Mechanism of Ice and Snow Sports in Post-Winter Olympic Era Based on Analysis of 693 Judgment Documents

北京冬奥会的成功举办为我国群众性冰雪运动发展和冰雪运动产业的繁荣创造了有利条件,但由此产生的风险也应得到重视和规避。通过对冰雪运动致害的693份裁判文书的实证分析发现:相对于一般体育运动,冰雪运动风险更高,伤害程度更严重。由于冰雪运动致害风险规避机制的不足,受害人通常难以实现充分救济,这成为我国冰雪运动发展的瓶颈。后冬奥时代冰雪运动致害风险规避机制需要从安全标准体系、风险预防、风险转嫁、损害赔偿规则适用与风险意识的培养等不同方面进行完善。对此,一方面应当立足于我国保险制度的实践,构建具有中国特色的体育运动保险制度;另一方面应当通过安全标准体系的建构强化冰雪运动场所经营者的安全保障义务,健全冰雪运动安全保障体系。与此同时,还应当规范冰雪运动损害赔偿的规则体系,审慎适用《民法典》自甘风险与公平责任规则。

The successful hosting of the Beijing Winter Olympics has created favorable conditions for the development of mass ice and snow sports,but the resulting risks should be taken seriously and averted.693 judging documents revealed that compared with other sports,ice and snow sports had higher risks and more serious injuries.Due to the lack of sports injury risk aversion mechanism,it was usually difficult for victims to achieve adequate relief,which became a bottleneck for the development of ice and snow sports in China.Under the background of the post-Winter Olympics era,the risk aversion mechanism of ice and snow sports needed to be improved from different aspects such as security standard system,risk prevention,risk transfer,application of damage compensation rules and the cultivation of risk awareness.In this regard,a sports insurance system with the Chinese characteristics should be built based on the practice of China’s insurance system.Furthermore,the safety guarantee obligations of the operators of the ice and snow sports venues should be strengthened.A sound safety guarantee system for ice and snow sports should be established through the construction of the safety standard system.Meanwhile,the rule system for compensation for damages caused by ice and snow sports should also be standardized,and the Civil Code’s rules on voluntary risk and fair liability should be applied prudently.