从德性伦理到法律禁令:师德失范的概念考证、建构与制度实施

From Virtue Ethics to Legal Prohibitions:Construction of the Concept of a Teacher's Moral Anomie and Implementation of Its System

规则立德是当前师德师风建设的重要转向,2021年《中华人民共和国教师法(修订草案)(征求意见稿)》第48条将师德失范上升为一类法律概念,确立起法律禁令标准。本文通过学理和文本实践的梳理,发现师德失范界定存在概念模糊、标准混乱等情形,认为师德失范概念具有不确定性,需要借助社会学视角予以解读。基于历史和现实的社会学考察,本文为师德失范提供了制度根源性解释依据,包括规范情感变弱与职业目标缺失;并以法社会学为进路,从概念的限缩和扩容两个层面构建师德失范规范制度体系———限缩是指从国家法律层面对法定义务进行纯化、扩容是指从学校层面对职业道德裁量基准进行细化与丰富;提出将师德失范规范制度实施融入国家推进师德师风建设的系统性工程,处理好类型上的区分、目的上的平衡、手段上的综合和结果上一致等辩证关系。

Rule-based morality is an important turn in the construction of teachers'ethics.Article 48 of the Teachers'Law of China(Revised Draft)(Draft for Comments)in 2021 elevated the anomie of teachers'ethics to a category of legal concepts and established the standard of legal prohibition.Based on academic theory and textual practice,it has been found that the definition of teacher ethics anomie has ambiguous concepts and chaotic standards,indicating that the concept of teacher ethics anomie is uncertain and requires the use of sociological knowledge for interpretation.The sociological examination based on history and reality provides a fundamental explanation for the anomie of teacher ethics,including the weakening of normative emotions and the lack of professional goals.The approach of the sociology of law can be used to construct a system of teacher ethics anomie from two levels:conceptual limitation and expansion.Restriction refers to the purification of legal obligations from the national legal level,while expansion refers to the refinement and enrichment of professional ethics discretion standards from the school level.At the same time,it is necessary to integrate the implementation of the system of misconduct in teacher ethics into the systematic project of promoting the construction of teacher ethics and conduct in the country,and correctly handle the four dialectical relationships of distinction in type,balance in purpose,synthesis in means,and consistency in results.