黄河流域水环境问题研究现状、挑战与展望

Current Status and Challenges in Diagnostic Research on Water Environment Problems in the Yellow River Basin

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展是国家重大发展战略,保护黄河是事关中华民族伟大复兴和永续发展的千秋大计.近年来,黄河流域水环境质量明显改善,但有限的水资源和脆弱的生态系统使得黄河流域水环境保护仍面临巨大的挑战.科学诊断黄河流域重大水环境问题是新时期治理黄河的前提和关键.本文围绕黄河流域水环境问题诊断这一主题,聚焦黄河流域断面水质改善的核心需求,首先分析黄河流域水环境现状,发现黄河流域整体水质持续向好,但干支流水质改善不同步,流域主要污染指标时空差异显著,中下游和部分支流污染严重;其次梳理国内外相关研究进展和主要挑战,总结断面水质提升所需的核心理论与技术,如水环境承载力评价、污染排放清单构建与水环境模型模拟等方面的应用与发展趋势,发现黄河流域存在气候变化影响下水沙变化大、现有排放清单分辨率不足、水环境模拟缺乏多尺度污染排放-断面水质响应关系研究等问题,难以支撑未来精细化水环境管理.对黄河流域水环境研究的未来发展进行了展望,建议未来在以下几个方面开展进一步研究,包括气候变化下黄河流域水环境承载力研究、黄河流域高分辨率排放清单构建、多尺度污染排放与断面水质响应关系.

Ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin(YRB)is an important national development strategy.The protection of the YRB is a project related to the great rejuvenation and sustainable development of the Chinese nation.The water quality in the YRB has improved significantly in recent years.However,due to limited water resources and fragile ecosystems,the protection of the YRB still faces great challenges.The premise and key to controlling the Yellow River in the new era is to scientifically diagnose major water environment issues in the YRB.To this end,this review focuses on the primary needs for water quality improvement in the YRB and analyzes the present situation of water environment in the YRB.While the YRB′s overall water quality is continuously improving,but the water quality improvement of the mainstream and tributaries is not synchronized.The spatial and temporal differences of the main pollution indicators in the basin are significant,and the pollution in the middle and lower reaches and some tributaries is serious.Additionally,relevant research progress and main challenges for water quality improvement in the YRB are covered,including water environment carrying capacity assessment,pollution emission inventory construction,and water environment simulation models.The study found that there are problems in the Yellow River Basin,such as the large changes in water and sediment under the influence of climate change,the insufficient resolution of the existing emission inventories,and the lack of multi-scale pollution emission-section water quality response relationship in water environment simulation,which are difficult to support the refined water environment management in the future.It is suggested that further research should be carried out in the following aspects,including research on the water environment carrying capacity of the Yellow River Basin under climate change,construction of a high-resolution emission inventory of the Yellow River Basin,response relationship between multi-scale pollution emission and cross-section water quality,and the future development of water environment research in the Yellow River Basin is prospected.