美国主导的多边出口管制合作——以对华芯片封锁为例

U.S.-Led Multilateral Export Controls on China:A Case Study of American-Led Chips Blockade against China

出口管制是美国打击竞争对手科技发展的惯用手段。为了强化出口管制效率并节约管制成本,第三方行为体对美国出口管制政策的配合必不可少。美国试图通过安全、产业和金融网络结构性权力来影响第三方基于工具理性逻辑以及价值理性逻辑的合作收益判断,从而提高多边出口管制合作水平。美国的网络结构性权力以两种方式对第三方合作收益产生影响:其一,当美国未针对第三方采取权力策略时,这一权力以“结构性权力”的形式对第三方合作收益产生间接、无形的影响;其二,当美国正向或负向使用网络结构性权力改变第三方合作收益时,这一权力以“联系性权力”的形式发挥作用。此时网络结构性权力的影响力取决于替代节点出现的可能性、第三方对美国的依赖程度,以及美国使用权力工具对自身网络结构优势地位构成潜在破坏的结构性因素和国内政治的限制。在美国主导的对华芯片封锁中,其盟国的合作收益既受到网络结构性权力的无形制约,又受到美国运用网络结构性权力的正、负向效应的直接影响。

Export control is a policy tool used by the U.S.government to protect national security interests and promote foreign policy objectives.In order to maintain effective export control without undermining U.S.'s interest,it is necessary to gain cooperation from third party countries and firms.The U.S.government intends to use its structural power in security and industrial and financial networks to influence third parties'benefits generated from their export control policies against targeted countries to improve the level of multilateral export control cooperation.In the U.S.-led chips blockade against China,the benefits of American allies are both invisibly constrained by the American privileged position in the network structure and directly affected by the positive and negative effects of the U.S.government's use of network structural power.