从道德教育走向民族教育——论费希特对康德教育哲学的批判性继承与改造

From Moral Education to National Education——On Fichte's Critical Inheritance and Transformation of Kant's Philosophy of Education

作为近代德国唯心论哲学的两位重量级思想代表,康德与费希特都有关于教育哲学的深刻思考。从其内在思想关联上讲,费希特教育哲学继承康德教育哲学的同时又批判性地超越了康德的教育哲学。一方面,二者都将教育哲学作为其实践哲学体系的重要组成部分,并以发展人的道德禀赋与自由本性作为教育的根本主旨与理想目标。另一方面,费希特批判性改造了康德教育哲学,将其从纯粹道德教育与社会启蒙教育导向更富时代气息与实践价值的民族教育。这一批判性继承与改造既内在展现出费希特与康德所持世界观与哲学基础的根本差异,同时也深刻影响了近代德意志民族的教育发展与国家复兴。

As two important representatives of modern German idealism philosophy,Kant and Fichte both have profound thoughts on the philosophy of education.Fichte's philoso-phy of education inherited Kant and at the same time critically transcended Kant.On the one hand,both of them take the philosophy of education as an important part of their practical philosophy,and take the comprehensive development of human freedom endowment with moral values as the fundamental thrust and ideal goal of education.On the other hand,Fichte critically inherited and transformed Kant's philosophy of education,directing it from simple moral education and general social enlightenment education to a more contemporary and prac-tical value of national education.This critical inheritance and transformation not only inher-ently reveal the fundamental differences between the worldview and philosophical foundations held by Fichte and Kant,but also profoundly influences the educational development and na-tional renaissance of the modern German nation.