走私人类遗传资源材料罪行为对象的认定困境与规范解释

Identification Dilemma and Normative Interpretation of the Crime of Smuggling Human Genetic Resources and Materials

刑法以修正案形式对走私人类遗传资源材料行为的刑事可罚性予以肯定,形成了民行刑三维规范交错规制的部门法周延保障局面,对风险社会中生物安全隐患予以规范化预防与应对。但学界就本罪行为对象的认定仍存争议,不仅关涉规范适用的正当性命题,影响生物安全刑事法网保护范畴的划定,且对法秩序统一性框架下的刑行衔接提出新挑战。作为典型法定犯,走私人类遗传资源材料罪的行为对象应与前置法意蕴保持规范协调性。将人类遗传资源信息作为本罪行为对象,系风险社会中预防性刑法的不当扩张,悖于形式违法阶段类型化走私行为的应然内涵与外延设定。对走私人类遗传资源材料行为的刑事治理,基于对生物安全法益的前瞻性保障,在法益保护早期化视域下,刑法更应恪守谦抑性,把握走私罪的犯罪属性,界分规范保护目的与保护法益,对人类遗传资源予以分级、分类规制,厘清刑事处罚的程度与边界,以刑事治理新安全格局保障新发展格局。

The Criminal Law has confirmed the criminal punishability of smuggling human genetic resources and materials in the form of amendments,creating an interlaced regulatory framework that combines civil,administrative,and criminal norms to ensure comprehensive protection through departmental laws.This framework standardizes the prevention and response to biosecurity risks in a risk society.Nevertheless,academic debates persist regarding the identification of the subject matter of this crime.These disputes raise issues of legitimacy in the application of norms and defining the scope of protection in the biosecurity criminal legal network,and thus present new challenges for aligning actions under the unified legal order framework.As a statutory offense,the subject matter of the crime of smuggling human genetic resources and materials should be in normative harmony with the intent of preceding laws.Designating human genetic resource information as the subject matter of this crime represents an improper extension of preventive criminal law and contradicts the inherent essence and limits of form-based smuggling offenses.Regarding the criminal governance of smuggling human genetic resources and materials,the law should adhere to a restrained approach,based on the prospective protection of biosecurity interests.With an orientation towards early-stage protection of legal interests,criminal law must follow a restrained approach,comprehend the criminal nature of smuggling offenses,distinguish normative protective goals from protected legal interests,and enforce tiered and categorized regulation of human genetic resources.It must also define the extent and boundaries of criminal penalties to secure a new developmental setting through a fresh criminal governance security structure.