基于宽幅精播的不同耕作方式对土壤理化性状、小麦产量品质及主要病虫草害的影响

Effects of Different Farming Methods Under Wheat Wide-precision Planting on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Yield,Quality and Main Diseases,Pests and Weeds of Wheat

为给小麦宽幅精播条件下评价和选择适当的耕作方式提供理论依据,研究了深翻、深松、免耕、旋耕4种耕作方式对鲁西地区土壤理化性质及小麦产量、品质、主要病虫草害的影响。结果表明:深翻处理的小麦产量及产量三要素显著高于其余3个处理,产量高低排序为深翻(568.8 kg/667 m^(2))>深松(538.3 kg/667 m^(2))≥免耕(530.3 kg/667 m^(2))≥旋耕(521.3 kg/667 m^(2));4个处理中,免耕处理显著提高了土壤含水量及铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量(P<0.05),降低了土壤孔隙度;从小麦品质成分来看,免耕处理提高了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及稳定时间,蛋白质含量高低排序为免耕(14.2%)≥深松(13.5%)≥旋耕(13.1%)≥深翻(12.9%),稳定时间排序为免耕(10.5 min)≥深松(8.2 min)≥深翻(7.5 min)≥旋耕(7.2 min);深翻处理的小麦病虫草害发生情况低于其他处理。建议在生产中为实现小麦产量与品质的同步提升,可探索每隔2~3年深翻1次+免耕相结合的方式进行整地,同时也有利于保持土壤的合理理化结构。

In order to provide theoretical basis for evaluating and selecting suitable tillage methods under wheat wide-precision planting,the effects of four tillage methods(deep ploughing,deep loosening,no-tillage and rotary tillage)on soil physicochemical properties and wheat yield,quality,main diseases,pests and weeds in western Shandong Province were studied.The results showed that the yield and its three key factors in deep ploughing treatment were significantly higher than those in the other three treatments,and the order of yield was deep ploughing(568.8 kg/667 m^(2))>deep loosening(538.3 kg/667 m^(2))≥no tillage(530.3 kg/667 m^(2))≥rotary tillage(521.3 kg/667 m^(2)).Among the four treatments,no-tillage treatment significantly increased soil water content,ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium contents(P<0.05),and reduced soil porosity.In terms of wheat quality components,no-tillage treatment increased the content of grain protein and its stable time,and the order of protein content was no tillage(14.2%)≥deep loosening(13.5%)≥rotary tillage(13.1%)≥deep tillage(12.9%),and the order of stable time was no tillage(10.5 min)≥deep loosening(8.2 min)≥deep tillage(7.5 min)≥rotary tillage(7.2 min).The incidence of wheat diseases,pests and weeds in deep ploughing treatment was lower than that in other treatments.In order to realize the simultaneous improvement of wheat yield and quality in production,it is suggested that soil preparation can be explored by the combination of deep ploughing once every 2-3 years with no-tillage,which was also beneficial to maintain the reasonable physical and chemical structure of soil.