论立法合法性审查的结构优化——从形式合法性与实质合法性审查关系的重构出发

On the Optimization of Structure of Legality Review of Legislation--From the Perspective of Reconstructing the Relationship between Formal Legality and Substantive Legality

从现有理论来看,立法的形式合法性与实质合法性审查呈现出“并行”状态,主要表现为两者“功能趋同”“位阶相同”“互为整体”,处于重复审查的状态。这导致实质合法性审查在理论上陷入冗余困境,实践中也往往处于搁置不用的状态,严重影响立法合法性审查工作的开展。优化立法合法性审查结构需要重构形式合法性与实质合法性审查的关系。鉴于合法性审查的规范性要求,应当确立形式合法性审查的优先适用地位,作为立法合法性审查的常态。而实质合法性审查本质上是一种价值评判方法,具有很强的主观性、目的性、价值性,与合法性审查的规范性存在一定的张力。在很多情形下,实质合法性审查是一种目的主义导向的立法策略,不宜作为立法合法性审查的常态,而只能作为例外与补充。完善形式合法性审查标准、优化法律解释技术与方法、完善形式合法性审查技巧等方式,可以减少实质合法性审查的适用,从而增强立法合法性审查的规范性,使两者关系由“并行”走向“补充”。

According to the existing theories,the review of the formal and substantive legality are“paralleled”with each other,which is manifested in that they are“convergent in function”,“equal in order”,and“integral for each other”,which means that they are duplicative.As a result,the substantive legality review falls into the predicament of redundancy in theory,and is often put aside in practice,seriously affecting the progress of legality review of legislation.To optimize the structure of legality review of legislation requires reconstructing the relationship between formal legality review and substantial legality review.In view of the normative requirements,the prioritized application of form al legality review should be established as the norm of legality review of legislation.The substantive legality review is essentially method of value judgment,characterized by strong subjectivity,purposiveness and value,usually in tension with the normative nature of legality review.In many cases,substantive legality review is a purposive-oriented legislative strategy,which is not suitable to be the norm of legality review of legislation,but only as an exception and supplement.Improving formal legality review standards,optimizing legal interpretation techniques and methods,and perfecting formal legality review techniques can reduce the application of substantive legality review,thereby enhancing the normativity of legality review of legislation and transforming the relationship between the two from“parallel”into“complementary”.