历史和记忆的分与合:一个观念史的分析

The Convergence and Divergence of History and Memory:An Analysis in Conceptual History

随着记忆研究在近年的兴起,中文学界出现了“历史记忆”这一名称,含有将两者等同的意思。与之相对照,历史和记忆在西方学术中一直存在某种张力——史学在西方的诞生与对抗记忆的目的相关,之后历史和记忆长期处于一种分离的关系。以兰克为代表的近代科学史学,其理论前提是区别“过去”与“现在”,并从后者的立场考察、重构前者,而记忆则常常将两者混为一体。二战之后,兰克史学面临一系列挑战,记忆研究的兴盛便是其中之一。从莫里斯·阿布瓦赫写作《集体记忆》到皮埃尔·诺拉主编《记忆之场》,西方学者试图用记忆来补充和修正历史研究和书写的传统,改进和扩大历史学的方法和范围,促成其内容的更新和革新。但历史研究和记忆研究在近年的合流,仍没有改变两者之间的根本差异。

With the rise of memory studies in recent years,the term“historical memory”has emerged in Chinese literature,implying an equivalence between the two.In contrast,there has always been a certain tension between history and memory in Western scholarship——the birth of history in the West was related to the purpose of combating the loss of memory.The theoretical premise of modern scientific historiography,as shown in Rankean historiography,is to distinguish between the“past”and the“present”and to examine and reconstruct the former from the standpoint of the latter,whereas memory often conflates the two.In post-WWII years,Rankean historiography faced a series of challenges;memory studies have been one of them.From Maurice Halbwachs to Pierre Nora,Western scholars have attempted to use memory to complement and revise the traditions of historical research and writing,to improve and expand the methods and scope of historiography,and to contribute to the renewal and revolutionization of its content.However,the merging of historical and memory studies in recent years has still not changed the fundamental differences between the two.