权利还是职权:教师惩戒权的法律性质及立法规制——兼论《教师法》相关条款的修改

Right or Authority:The Legal Nature and Legislative Regulation of Teachers Dischiplinary Power--On the Revision of Relevant Provisions of the Teacher s Act

教育惩戒究竟是教师的一项权利还是职权,在学界尚存分歧,也困扰着《教师法》的修订,需重回词源本身才能正本清源。权利体现平等关系、指向个体利益、可以自由处置、依赖国家保护、承担民事侵权责任,而职权则指代不对等地位、体现公共利益、限制意思自由、能够独立实现、承担行政法律责任且侵权责任由机构承担。教师惩戒具有鲜明的职权属性,主要体现在:教师可以成为职权主体且有相较学生的合法强力,但教师惩戒的行为选择需受法律限制,正当惩戒是基于教育目的而非个人考虑,并须承担违规惩戒的行政法律责任,而侵权责任则由学校承担。为此,应围绕职权性质健全教师惩戒法律体系,将教育惩戒纳入教师职权条款,授予中小学和高校教师教育惩戒职权,明确教师惩戒的法治边界、正当程序与责任规范,通过嵌入准用性规范和修改《普通高等学校学生管理规定》,实现与下位立法的衔接和配套。

Whether educational discipline is a right or an authority of teachers is debated in academia,and also plagues the revision of the Teacher s Act,which needs to be discussed from the etymology of the words themselves in order to clear up their origins.Rights reflect equal relations,point to individual interests,can be disposed of freely,rely on state protection,and bear civil tort liability.Authority,on the other hand,refers to unequal status,reflects public interests,restricts freedom of will,can be realized independently,and bear administrative legal liability and tort liability borne by the institution.It is found that teachers disciplinary action has distinctive attributes of authority,which are mainly reflected in the following aspects:teachers can become the subjects of authority and have a legitimate power compared with students,but their choice of disciplinary behaviors is restricted by law,and the legitimate disciplinary action is based on educative purposes rather than personal considerations,and they must bear the administrative liability for disciplinary action,while the tort liability is borne by the school.Therefore,the legal system for teachers discipline should be improved upon the nature of authority,incorporating educational discipline into the clauses of authority for teachers,authorizing teachers in primary and secondary schools and universities to discipline,and clarifying the boundaries of the rule of law,due process and norms of responsibility for teachers discipline.By embedding the permissive norms and amending the Regulations on the Administration of College Students,the convergence and support with the subordinate legislation can be realized.