船舶抵押权制度完善研究

Research on the Improvement of the Ship Mortgage System

如何实现《海商法》与《民法典》的有效对接是修改船舶抵押权法律制度时必须考虑的问题。尤其应当注意,由于个别船舶抵押权规则无法被一般担保物权规则简单地所兼容,需要对其作出有别于《民法典》的制度安排。其一,应当维持限制抵押船舶转让的规则,此时需要将交易安全置于立法价值的优先位置予以考量,但可以引入第三人涤除权保障船舶的交换价值能够得到再次实现。其二,应当在坚守司法保护主义立法模式的前提下,增添“司法变卖”此种途径帮助船舶抵押权实现。其三,应当创设船舶份额抵押权规则,并通过修改《船舶登记条例》的有关规定使得各按份共有人之间的利益达到实质性平衡。

How to achieve the effective docking of the Civil Code and Maritime Law is an issue that must be considered when revising the legal system of ship mortgages.In particular,it should be noted that since individual ship mortgage rules cannot be simply compatible with general security interest rules,institutional arrangements that differ from those of the Civil Code are required.First,the rules restricting the transfer of mortgaged ships should be maintained.In this case,transaction security needs to be prioritized in the legislative value,but the introduction of third-party exclusion rights ensures that the exchange value of ships can be realized again.Secondly,on the premise of adhering to the legislative model of judicial protectionism,the use of“judicial sale”should be added to assist in the realization of ship mortgage rights.Thirdly,rules for the mortgage of ship shares should be established,and the relevant provisions of the Ship Registration Regulations should be amended to achieve a substantial balance of interests among the joint owners of each share.