《资本论》对近代西方政治哲学的批判

Capital’s Critique of Modern Western Political Philosophy

马克思对资本主义的分析,旨在探寻“解放何以可能”。在这个意义上,《资本论》就不仅仅是对古典政治经济学的批判,还内含着对近代西方政治哲学的批判。《资本论》对近代西方政治哲学的批判主要体现在内容、理路、任务三个方面:就内容而言,近代西方政治哲学提供了一个关于时代的理想性图景,马克思批判了这一图景,通过《资本论》的“对象”,在思维中再现了资本主义的现实;就理路而言,近代西方政治哲学是从观念出发来解释实践,马克思批判了这种理路的抽象性和非历史性,主张从物质实践出发解释观念;就任务而言,近代西方政治哲学提出确立资本主义永恒性的时代任务,《资本论》提出的则是把人从物的普遍统治中解放出来、把资本的独立性和个性变为人的独立性和个性的历史任务。

Marx's analysis of capitalism is to explore how liberation is possible.In this sense,Capital is not only a critique of classical political economy,but also a critique of modern western political philosophy.Capital's critique of modern western political philosophy is mainly embodied in three aspects.In terms of content,modern western political philosophy provides an ideal picture of the Times.Marx criticizes this picture and reproduces the capitalist reality in his thinking through the object of Capital.As far as the theory is concerned,the modern western political philosophy explains the practice from the idea.Marx criticizes the abstractness and non-historicity of this theory and advocates the explanation of the idea from the material practice.As far as the task is concerned,modern western political philosophy sets itself the task of establishing the timelessness of capitalism,while Capital sets itself the historical task of liberating man from the universal domination of things and transforming the independence and individuality of capital into the independence and individuality of man.