论个人信息侵权中的“损害”

“Damage”in Personal Information Infringement

数字时代背景下,个人信息侵权中的损害与传统私法中损害的经典概念之间存在龃龉,使得个人信息侵权难以被损害赔偿请求权所涵盖。《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》第69条中的损害包括财产损害与非财产损害,但司法实践中几乎不存在财产损害;同时,作为精神损害赔偿适用要件之一的严重精神损害也较少出现。个人信息侵权的实质是对人格利益,即人格自由与尊严的损害,从损害救济角度来看,传统的“损害”概念应当进行革新与扩张。故而,将非严重精神损害与升高的未来风险纳入个人信息侵权损害概念体系之中,具有一定的理论基础与比较法解释基础。为了促进《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》的适用和对被告予以充分威慑,文章认为,应当基于损害类型构建赔偿责任体系,淡化精神损害赔偿认定的标准,引入惩罚性赔偿制度,确定侵害个人信息权益的小额损害最低赔偿限额。

In the background of the digital age,there is a disagreement between damage in personal information infringement and the classical concept of damage in the traditional private law,which makes it difficult for the former to be covered by the basis of damage claim.The damage in Article 69 of Personal Information Protection Law of the P.R.C includes property damage and non-property damage,but there is almost no property damage in judicial practice;meanwhile,as one of the applicable requirements for mental damage compensation,serious mental damage is also infrequent.The essence of personal information infringement is the damage to the interests of personality,namely,the freedom and dignity of personality.From the perspective of damage relief,the traditional concept of“damage”should be reformed and expanded.Therefore,the inclusion of non-serious mental damage and increased future risk into the conceptual system of personal information infringement damage has a certain theoretical basis and comparative law interpretation basis.In order to promote the application of Personal Information Protection Law of the P.R.C and fully intimidate the defendant,it is proposed to establish a compensation liability system based on damage types,to dilute the standard for the determination of compensation for mental damage,to introduce a punitive compensation system,and to determine the minimum compensation limit of small damages for the infringement of personal information rights and interests.