鲁甸纳西语的可选性施受标记及其多功能性

The Multi-functionality of Optional Agent and Patient Markers in Ludian Naxi

鲁甸纳西语是一种有可选性施事和受事标记的语言。施事标记n?33一般出现在施事论元之后,其还有另外一个音变形式ni33。受事标记to55、kuɑ55、t?o11一般出现在受事论元之后。施受标志的出现频率会受到话语材料的影响,to55在传说故事中出现频率最高,kuɑ55在对话中出现频率最高;而t?o11目前正处于发展成为受事标记的过程中,在话语材料中基本不出现。另外,我们还可以用超音段成分即变调来表示施受关系。施受标记的隐现受到语义、语用和句法结构的制约。施受标记都具有多功能性,施事标记可以充当处所标记、源点标记、工具标记、名物化标记和强调标记;受事标记kuɑ55、to55可以充当方位词后缀、处所标记、接受者标记,t?o11可以充当方位词后缀、目标标记、接受者标记。

In Ludian Naxi,there are optional agent marker and patient markers.The agent marker nɯ³³,with its allophone ni³³,generally appears after the agent argument;the patient markers to⁵⁵,kuɑ⁵⁵,tɕo¹¹generally appear after the patient argument.Judging from the discourse materials,to⁵⁵is the most frequently-used in legends,kuɑ⁵⁵is the most frequently-used in dialogues;tɕo¹¹is currently in the process of developing into a patient marker,and basically does not appear in discourse materials.Agent and patient arguments can also be expressed by tonesandhi.In addition to the impact of discourse materials,the appearance of these markers are also restricted by semantics,pragmatics and syntactic factors.Both the agent marker and patient markers are multifunctional in that nɯ³³also acts as locative marker,ablative marker,instrumental marker,nominalizer and emphatic marker;kuɑ⁵⁵,to⁵⁵can act as location word suffix,locative marker,and recipient marker,and;tɕo¹¹can act as location word suffix,direction marker,and recipient marker.