海洋与大陆帝国:18世纪圣彼得堡与沙俄对北极地区的开发

Oceanic and Continental Empires:St Petersburg and Tsarist Russia's Exploitation of the Arctic in the 18th Century

本文据克莱科夫斯基即将出版的专著,介绍近二十年俄国海洋环境史的研究成果。他认为,俄国18世纪的海洋资源开发涉及三项政府性活动:获得帝国特许权的垄断公司发展了俄国捕鲸业,政府试图取代传统的欧亚船只开展渔业和货运,以及西化改革导致的海鲜消费促使俄国渔民研发新型鱼类加工技术、开发新物种渔业。此外,彼得大帝在圣彼得堡创建了“另一个阿姆斯特丹”。作为海洋大都市,这个蓬勃发展的西化消费新中心是这个复杂故事的纽带。通过改变与海洋环境之间的社会关系,俄国试图将自身转变为海洋强国,认识这一点对于进一步发展全球海洋史研究中的“海洋性”(maritimity)概念具有重要意义。

This article presents the results of nearly two decades of research on the history of the marine environment in Russia,based on the forthcoming monograph by Kraikovski.He argues that the exploitation of Russia's marine resources in the 18th century involved three governmental activities:the development of the Russian whaling industry by monopoly companies that received imperial concessions;the government's attempts to replace traditional Eurasian ships for fishing and freighting;and the seafood consumption resulting from Westernization reforms that prompted Russian fishermen to develop new fish-processing techniques and to develop fisheries for new species.In addition,Peter the Great created“another Amsterdam”in St Petersburg.As a maritime metropolis,this burgeoning new center of westernized consumption is the nexus of this complex story.Recognizing Russia's attempts to transform itself into a maritime power by changing its social relationship with the marine environment is important for further developing the notion of “maritimity” in the study of global maritime history.