跨界书写与脑文本传递:《胡桃夹子》的双重伦理旨向

Cross-Writing and Brain Text Transmission: The Dual Ethical Function in The Nutcracker and the Mouse King

儿童文学领域存在大量跨越儿童文学与成人文学边界的“跨界书写”现象,考察脑文本的传递和加工则是探讨其机理的有效路径。创作《胡桃夹子》时,E.T.A.霍夫曼双重性的脑文本造就了两种文学模式复合的书写文本,为儿童和成人读者在各自原有脑文本基础上构建截然不同的新脑文本提供了可能,作品由此具有双重伦理旨向。儿童聚焦于书写文本中的传统童话模式,构建出以“好人”战胜“坏蛋”的过程为核心的脑文本;抽象概念尚不完备的儿童将朴素的情感好恶附着到胡桃夹子、老鼠等物象概念之上,由此得到伦理启蒙。成人则难以忽视作品中虚实变幻的叙事模式,其建构的脑文本可指向儿童主人公的内心冲突和人性因子逐渐控制兽性因子的伦理选择过程,从而得以观照和反观儿童和自己的内心。面对跨界书写,研究者须在不同隐含读者间切换身份并激活自己脑文本库相应部分,方能接近其精神内涵。

The mechanism of “cross-writing,” a writing practice in children's literature that frequently transcends the boundary between children's literature and adult literature, can be effectively explored through a probe into the transmission and processing of brain text.While writing The Nutcracker and the Mouse King, the duality of E. T. A. Hoffmann's brain text created a written text that is a composite of two literary modes, thus enabling children and adults to construct, based on their original ones, new and distinctively different brain texts with a dual ethical function. Children focus on the traditional fairy tale mode in the written text and formulate a brain text with the process of “good people” defeating “bad guys” as the core. Those with incomplete abstract concepts would attach simple likes and dislikes to their concrete brain concepts, such as the nutcracker and the mice, and gain their ethical enlightenment. Adults, however, can hardly ignore the interplay between reality and imagination in the narrative patterns, and the brain text they construct can point to the inner conflicts of the child protagonist and the process of ethical selection in which the human factor gradually controls the animal factor, so that they can observe, review, and reflect on the children's mind and their own. To understand cross-writing, scholars should switch between different implied readers and activate the corresponding parts of their brain text bank for the the access to its real essence.