清儒胡培翚禘祫考论及其学术史意义

An Examination on Di Xia of Qing Dynasty Confucian Hu Peihui and its Significance inAcademicHistory

清代皖派学者胡培翚以礼学研究闻名于世。其因答诸生之问而辑成的《禘祫问答》一书,基于对儒家经文、注疏的细致分析,梳理了汉唐以来诸儒所论之禘祫,在继承前贤观点的基础上,对郑玄等人禘小祫大、视禘祫为祭天之礼的观点以及郑玄信用纬书、以鲁礼推之于周礼等做法进行了批判;指明了禘、祫为二祭,均为祭祖礼制,与祭天无涉;赞同三年一祫、五年一禘与禘大祫小之说,指出禘祭、祫祭分别于孟夏与孟冬之月举行;并对夏殷与周之禘祫礼以及鲁禘、晋禘等僭礼进行了梳理。胡培翚依据经典,采用实事求是的诠释态度,利用解经者的言论与经文本身内在的互歧以及经文内容的不完备,系统地梳理与考辨了禘祫理论,不仅丰富了古代的禘祫理论体系,体现了自己的学术特点,而且为后人研究古代的禘祫礼制提供了诸多参考,具有丰富的学术史意义。

Hu Peihui,a scholar of the Anhui School in Qing Dynasty,was famous for his research on etiquette.The book"Questions and Answers on Di Xia"compiled by him in response to the questions of some scholars based on a detailed analysis of Confucian ciassics and commentaries,sorted out what Confucian scholars have discussed about Di Xia since the Han and Tang dynasties.Inherited the correct views of previous sages,he criticized Zheng Xuan and others'views on regarding Di small and Xia big,regarding Di Xia as a ritual to sacrifice to heaven,as well as Zheng Xuan's believing in books made farfetched conclusions and replacing Lu rites with Zhou rites.He pointed out that Di and Xia are two sacrifices,both are offering sacrifices to one's ancestors and have nothing to do with offering sacrifices to heaven.He agreed with the idea that Xia is held every three years,and Di is once every five years,and Di is big and Xia is small,and pointed out that Di and Xia are held in the months of Mengxia and Mengdong respectively.He also sorted out the sacrifice rituals of the Xia,Shang and Zhou dynasties as well as the tyrannical rites of Lu and Jin.Based on the classics,Hu Peihui adopted a pragmatic interpretive attitude,taking advantage of the inherent differences between the interpreters'remarks and the classics themselves,as well as the incomplete content of the classics,to systematically sort out and examine the theory of Di and Xia,which not only enriches the ancient theory of Di and Xia,but also reflects its own academic characteristics and provides many references for future generations to study the ancient Di and Xia ritual systems,which has rich academic and historical significance.