朱熹的身体观及静坐实践

Zhu Xi's View of the Body and Meditation Practice

身体是儒家哲学中的一个重要命题。就礼而言,需要身体的外在展现,才能通达仁道、即身显仁,最后才能即身显礼;就身心而言,身体是筑基之本,没有无心性的身体,也没有无身体的心性。同时儒家又将身体视为罪恶的渊薮,常怀惕惕之心:一方面身体是精神需要克服的障碍;另一方面,当个人的人格提升至某一层次以后,身体反而成了精神的具体化,身与心泯然不分。相较而言,朱子对身体引发的欲念虽然心怀警惕,但不至于将“身心”二元对立,总是心怀乐观,认为在经过一番激烈的争斗后,个体可以发明道心,达明理之境。静坐就是一种通过控制身体从而达到内心转变的心理技巧。朱子大力提倡静坐,认为静坐可以制却欲念、收敛身心、思绎道理。在此,通过“敬”的工夫,在“身—心—理”的同构中,级级演进,层层发明,身心之间的藩篱似乎可以轻易打破。

The body is an important proposition in Confucian philosophy.As far as etiquette is concerned,the external display of the body is needed to understand the way of benevolence,that is,to show benevolence through one's body,and finalily to be able to show one's courtesy through one's body.As far as the body and mind are concerned,the body is the foundation.There is body without mind,and there is mind without body.At the same time,Confucians regard the body as the source of sin and are always wary of it:on the one hand,the body is an obstacle that the spirit needs to overcome;on the other hand,when an individual's personality is elevated to a certain level,the body becomes the embodiment of the spirit,and the body and mind become inseparable.In comparison,although Zhu Xi was wary of the desires caused by the body,he did not regard the"body and mind"as a binary opposition.He was always optimistic,believing that after a fierce battie,individuals can discover the mind and understand the truth.Meditation is a psychological technique that achieves inner transformation by controlling the body.Zhu Xi strongly advocated meditation,believing that meditation can control desires,converge the body and mind,and meditate on principles.Therefore,through a time of"rest",in the isomorphism of"body-mind-reason",evolving step by step,and discovering layer by layer,the barriers between body and mind seem to be easily broken.