二十世纪以来我国民族研究的三次高潮与两次转向

Three Heights and Two Turns of Ethnic Studies in China Since the 20th Century

20世纪以来,我国民族研究在120余年的发展历程中经历了三次大的高潮与两次转向。第一次高潮始于20世纪初的西学东渐,以民族学面貌出现,在译介西方理论与学说基础上,以记录或比较各民族文化为使命,在蔡元培的领导下,开始借鉴西方民族学范式与方法开展田野调查,并于20世纪30年代产生了一批研究成果,最终形成南北两派并存的局面;第二次高潮始于新中国成立不久,受苏联民族学的影响,参考斯大林的民族定义开展民族识别运动,并在随后开展大规模少数民族社会历史调查。无论是第一次高潮的各民族文化的记录与比较,还是第二次高潮的出于民族识别的少数民族语言与社会历史调查,主要以单一有界个体民族存在为主要对象,从而形成了我国传统民族研究的主流取向。20世纪70年代末80年代初,费孝通在反思民族识别后期少数民族社会历史调查以及早期开展微型社区研究的基础上,提出“民族走廊”概念,以改变过去单一民族志研究取向,把区域视角与历史维度结合起来,主张区域性综合研究,最终形成了中华民族多元一体理论,从而迎来了我国民族研究的第一次转向;第三次民族研究高潮始于党的十八大的召开,在百年未有之大变局、全面协调“国内国际”两个大局的时代背景下,习近平提出了一系列代表性的新命题、新观点和新话语,尤其是“铸牢中华民族共同体意识”这一原创性论述,进而催生了我国民族研究的第三个高潮时期,最终实现了我国现代民族研究的第二次转向,一个基于各民族交往交流交融以关系性存在为取向的民族研究新时代已经到来。

Since the 2Oth century,the ethnic studies in China have experienced three heights and two turns in more than 120 years'development.The first height began with the spread of"Western learning spreading to the East"at the beginning of the 2Oth century,and appeared in the form of ethnology.Based on the translation and introduction of western theories,the mission is to record or compare the cultures of different Chinese ethnicities.Under the leadership of CAI Yuan-pei,researchers began to draw on the research methods of western ethnology to carry out field work,and produced a number of research results in the 1930s and 1940s.The first height of China's ethnic research resulted in a situation where the southern and northern disciplinary schools co-existed.The second height began after the founding of the People's Republic of China.Influenced by the ethnology of the former Soviet Union,it took Stalin's national definition as a reference to carry out the ethnic identification movement.After that,a large-scale social and historical survey of ethnic minorities was carried out in China.The single bounded individual ethnic group is the main subject,whether for the record and comparison of the cultures of various nationalities in the first height,or for the ethnic minority language and social history survey based on ethnic identification in the second height,thus forming the main direction of ethnic research in China.Since the late 1970s and early 1980s,FEI Xiao-tong put forward the concept of"ethnic corridor"on the basis of his reflection on the social and historical surveys of ethnic minorities and his early research on microcommunity.In order to change the research orientation of the single-handed ethnography in the past,he combined the regional perspective with the historical latitude,advocated comprehensive regional research,and finally formed the theory of diversity in unity of the Chinese nation,thus realizing the first turning point of China's ethnic research.The third height of ethnic research began at the CPC 18th National Congress.In the background of the era of"profound changes unseen in acentury"aand comprehensive coordination of"domestic and international",XI Jin-ping put forward a series of new theories represented by"forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation",which triggered the third height of China's ethnic research and finally led to the second turning point of China's modern ethnic research.A new era of ethnic research based on the relationship of interaction,exchange and integration between different ethnic groups has arrived.