象征之“美”与本体之“乐”——康德与王阳明的伦理美学思想辨异

The Beauty of Symbolism and the Happiness of Ontology:Difference between Kant and Wang Yangming's Ethical and Aesthetic Thoughts

文章以“美是道德的象征”和“乐是心之本体”这两大美学命题为中心,对康德和王阳明的伦理美学思想进行了比较研究。两者的共同点十分明显,都强调先天的道德理性,认为美与善密切相关,具有纵向超越的知识结构。差异在于:康德始终坚持真善美的基本区分,并受制于其二元论的哲学框架,“美”只能以象征的方式间接地呈现“善”;王阳明没有像康德那样对“纯粹美”作出分析,其哲学体系是以良知为本体的一元论,知、善、乐都进入了本体论层次,在“智的直觉”的观照下,真善美是合一的。另外,康德还将道德目的论延伸至道德宗教,其美学具有宗教精神;王阳明主张天人一心、天人一气,从而走向天地境界。王阳明的本体论美学有助于突破康德的主体性哲学和认识论思维给美学带来的局限,在海德格尔美学热的激发下,对晚近“境界美学”的兴盛有促进之功。

The article focuses on the two major aesthetic propositions of“beauty is the symbol of morality”and“music is the essence of the heart”,and conducts a comparative study of the ethical and aesthetic ideas of Kant and Wang Yangming.The commonalities between the two are very obvious,emphasizing innate moral rationality,believing that beauty and goodness are closely related,and both have a knowledge structure that transcends vertically.The difference lies in that Kant always adheres to the basic distinction between truth,goodness,and beauty,and is constrained by his philosophical framework of dualism.“Beauty”can only indirectly present“goodness”in a symbolic way;Wang Yangming did not analyze“pure beauty”as Kant did.His philosophical system is a monism based on conscience as the noumenon,with knowledge,goodness,and music entering the ontological level.Under the observation of“intelligent intuition”,truth,goodness,and beauty are unified.In addition,Kant extended moral teleology to moral religion,and his aesthetics had religious spirit;Wang Yangming advocates for the unity of mind and matter,thus moving towards the realm of heaven and earth.Wang Yangming's ontological aesthetics helped to break through the limitations of Kant's subjective philosophy and epistemological thinking on aesthetics.Under the stimulation of Heidegger's aesthetic craze,it promoted the prosperity of“realm aesthetics”in recent times.