《资本论》第一卷序言和跋中的马克思主义治学方法探析

An Analysis of Marxist Research Methods in the Prefaces and Postscripts of Volume I of Das Kapital

长期以来,学界将《资本论》第一卷序言和跋视为马克思与恩格斯对《资本论》第一卷本身的导论与介绍,未能充分重视其独立的学术价值。这些文本蕴含着对马克思主义治学方法的系统概括,展示出马克思与恩格斯对于阅读方法、写作方法与研究方法的科学思考。文章旨在对这些序言和跋进行深度剖析,勾勒出其中蕴含的马克思主义治学方法的精髓。主要包括以下三个方面:首先在阅读方法上,将文本结论与论证过程相结合、将文本思想与现实需要相结合、将理解作品逻辑与还原研究过程相结合,突出理解作品对现实历史的反映、突出理解作品所使用的思想方法。其次在写作方法上,以清晰的概念呈现独立的思维见解、以术语革命引领思想革命,坚持抓住本质、呈现一般、保持客观的叙述方法,做严谨、扎实的引用,并在作品初步完成后以提升表述清晰度、严谨性、增强材料说服力为目标不断进行修改。最后在研究方法上,通过多方比对、力求完整地占有材料以完善作品,以最典型的东西为参照、从最基本的东西切入,将具体与抽象相结合、采取能够反映事物真实联系的理论建构方法。马克思主义治学方法的精髓在今天仍然具有启示,对于弘扬马克思主义学风起到不可或缺的指导作用。

Marx and Engels'scientific thinking on the methods of reading,writing and research could be seen from the seven prefaces and postscripts of volume I of Das Kapital.They provide an important guide to under-stand Marxist research methods.Reading is the foundation of scholarly research.We should combine the text conclusion with the argumentation process,the text thought with the practical needs,the understanding of the work logic with the reductionprocess,and highlight the reflection of the work on the reality and history as well as the thinking methods used to understand the work.Writing is the presentation of academic achievements.It should present independent thinking with clear concepts,lead the ideological revolution with terminology revolu-tion,adhere to the narrative method of gasping the essence,present the generality,maintain the objectivity,make rigorous and solid citations,and constantly make revisions after the preliminary completion of the work with the goal of improving the clarity,preciseness,and persuasiveness of materials.Research is the key to scholarly re-search and the intermediary link from reading to writing.We should try to complete the possession of materials through multiple comparisons to improve the work,take the most typical things as reference,start from the most basic things,combine concrete and abstract,and adopt a theoretical construction method that can reflect the real relationship of things.