数字贸易壁垒的分类、测算框架与国际比较

Classification,Measurement and International Comparison of Digital Trade Barriers

近年来数字贸易快速发展,逐渐成为全球贸易增长的重要推动因素,但也引发出对国家产业安全和数字安全的更多考虑。各国针对数字贸易制定了诸多法律法规和政策,形成种类繁多的数字贸易壁垒。诸多机构和学者对数字贸易壁垒的内涵、范围、分类和测算方法进行了深入研究。就数字贸易壁垒分类而言,根据政策工具种类,可分为关税与非关税壁垒;根据政策措施的针对性,可分为专门针对数字贸易的政策措施与能够影响数字贸易的传统市场准入和投资限制措施。就数字贸易壁垒测算而言,ECIPE的《数字贸易限制指数》(DTRI)、OECD的《数字服务贸易限制指数》(DSTRI)、全球数字贸易促进指数等具有代表性,这些指标重点关注数字产品交易、跨境数据流动、隐私保护、本地化要求、知识产权保护、偏离国际标准的国家标准等问题。虽然上述测算方法有所差异,但结果均显示数字贸易壁垒程度与国家发达程度密切相关。中国目前的数字贸易壁垒较高,因此要在保护国家产业安全和数字安全的同时,分类分阶段降低数字贸易壁垒,加快推进加入CPTPP和DEPA等协定的步伐,从而促进对外贸易高质量发展。

In recent years,digital trade has developed rapidly and gradually become an important driving factor for global trade growth,but it has also triggered more considerations for national industrial security and digital security.Many countries have formulated numerous laws,regulations,and policies for digital trade,forming a wide variety of digital trade barriers.Many institutions and scholars at home and abroad have conducted in-depth research on the connotation,scope,classification,and measurement methods of digital trade barriers.In terms of the classification of digital trade barriers,they can be divided into tariff and non-tariff barriers according to policy tools and policy pertinence;According to the pertinence of policy measures,they can be divided into policy measures specifically aimed at digital trade and traditional market access and investment restrictions that can affect digital trade.In terms of measuring digital trade barriers,ECIPE’s Digital Trade Restriction Index(DTRI),OECD’s Digital Services Trade Restriction Index(DSTRI),and the Global Digital Trade Promotion Index are representative,focusing on issues such as digital product transactions,cross-border data flows,privacy protection,localization requirements,intellectual property protection,and national standards that deviate from international standards.Although the above measurement methods differ,the results show that the degree of digital trade barriers is closely related to the degree of national development.China currently has a high degree of digital trade barriers,therefore it is necessary to reduce digital trade barriers in a classified and phased manner,accelerate the pace of joining trade agreements such as CPTPP and DEPA,while protecting national industrial and digital security,so as to promote high-quality development of foreign trade.