全球国家公园时空动态格局及发展趋势

The spatiotemporal dynamic pattern and development trend of global national parks

为应对全球变化危机,我国提出了建设以国家公园为主体的保护地体系规划。全面收集整理了多个公开保护地矢量数据,包括世界保护区数据以及北极、北美、澳大利亚和中国的区域数据,按照世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)对国家公园的定义筛选出符合标准的国家公园,进而分析全球国家公园的时空动态,揭示各大洲国家公园的发展趋势,以期为我国国家公园建设与保护地空间优化提供有益参考。结果表明,全球国家公园的发展以20世纪70年代为界,分为发展期和合作期。发展期间,国家公园的概念从美国传递到世界各国中,并按照各国国情发展形成了各具特色的空间格局,如美洲以及大洋洲的国家公园相对聚集,亚洲、欧洲与非洲的国家公园则相对分散;而在合作期内,由于各国环境保护意识的增强以及IUCN等国际组织的共同努力下,国家公园增速加快,其中在生物多样性热点区域分布的国家公园数量已近半数。结合昆蒙框架、中国自然保护地体系建设等政策,研究提出可将国外“共管机制”纳入我国国家公园管理中,并建议未来在位于印缅生物多样性热点的广西南部地区增设国家公园,以充分发挥国家公园公益性与共享性等多生态服务功能。

In response to the global change crisis,China has proposed the comprehensive construction of a protected area system with national parks as the main body.This study systematically collected and organized several publicly available protected area vector data,including world protected area data and regional data of the Arctic,North America,Australia,and China;screened national parks defined by the IUCN;and analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamic patterns of national parks around the world to reveal the development trends of national parks in each continent,to provide useful references for the construction of national parks and the spatial planning of protected areas in China.The results showed that,with the 1970s as the boundary,the development of global national parks can be divided into a development period and a cooperation period.During the development period,the concept of national parks was transmitted from the United States to various countries around the world and developed into unique spatial patterns according to the situation of each country.For example,national parks in the Americas and Oceania were relatively concentrated,while national parks in Asia,Europe,and Africa were relatively scattered.During the cooperation period,due to the increasing awareness of environmental protection in various countries and the joint efforts of global organizations such as IUCN,the growth of national parks has accelerated,with nearly half of them distributed in biodiversity hotspots.Based on policies such as the“Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework”and the construction of China′s nature reserve system,this study proposes to incorporate a oversea"co-management system"into the management of national parks in China.It also suggests that in the future,national parks should be extended in the southern region of Guangxi,which is in the India and Myanmar global biodiversity hotspot,to fully leveraged the multiple ecological service functions of national parks,such as public welfare and sharing.