《哲学书简》与“恰达耶夫悖论”

Philosophical Letters and Chaadaev's Paradox

在19世纪的俄国思想史上,恰达耶夫以“殉难者”面貌示人,这一形象首先来自他在《哲学书简》中对俄国历史与现实的严厉批判,也与赫尔岑在《往事与随想》里的“黑夜中发出的枪声”描述有关。然而需要指出的是,恰达耶夫在批判俄国社会的同时,也以其信奉的天主教思想为出发点努力建构心目中的理想社会;更少有人注意的是,恰达耶夫在晚年甚至改变了对东正教的原有看法,成为一名思想上保守的人物。这种矛盾的形象既是恰达耶夫思想深刻性复杂性的体现,也构成了研究界争论已久的命题:“恰达耶夫悖论”。

In the history of Russian thought in the nineteenth century,Peter Chaadaev has always been presented as a"martyr",an image that derives first of all from his severe criticism of Russian history and reality in the Philosophical Letters,but also from Herzen's description in"My past and thoughts"("shot in the night").However,it is important to note that while criticizing Russian society,Chaadaev also used his Catholicism as a starting point for his efforts to construct an ideal society;what is even less noted is that in his later years,Chaadaev even changed his views on Orthodox and became a conservative figure.This contradictory image is not only a reflection of the profound complexity of Chaadaev's thought,but also constitutes a theme that has been long discussed in the research sphere:"Chaadaev's Paradox".