航空网络结构和组织模式的演变——中美欧的比较分析

Evolution of airline network structure and organizational model:A comparative analysis between China,America,and Europe

由于航空运输受到国家政策和地缘政治区域内部制定的不同航空法律的影响,不同国家和地区的航空发展具有明显差异性,与其他国家航空进行对比研究可以为中国航空建设和发展提供借鉴和参考。因此,基于1999年、2009年和2019年的航空客运数据,本文从网络拓扑结构、网络连通性、空间结构和组织模式四个方面对中国、美国和欧洲的航空网络进行了比较分析。研究发现:①中美欧航空网络规模均呈现扩张态势,表现出“小世界网络”特征和双幂律分布特点,无标度特征不明显,航空运距呈现非连续的波动下降趋势,遵循一定的距离衰减规律。②航空网络连通性欧洲和美国空间分布相对均衡,而中国分布相对集中,航空枢纽的形成受到地理位置、行政等级、经济、旅游、航空公司总部布局和政策等因素的多重影响。不同等级的航线联系均呈现典型的“金字塔型”等级层次结构,航空客流均倾向于向少数城市对间集聚。③中美欧均表现出一定的轴-辐网络组织模式,美国和欧洲地区航空网络轴辐体系已较为完善,呈现出多中心、多轴线网络体系的特点;中国呈现由双中心向多中心的演进态势,但支线航空发展不足。最后,本文提出了一些政策建议,旨在为中国未来民航客运发展提供科学参考。

Since air transportation is influenced by national policies and different aviation laws formulated within geopolitical regions,the development of aviation in different countries and regions has obvious differences.Comparing and researching aviation development with other countries can provide references and guidance for the construction and development of aviation in China.Therefore,based on air passenger flow data in 1999,2009,and 2019,this paper presents a comparative analysis of airline networks in Europe,America(the United States),and China in four aspects:network topology,network connectivity,spatial structure and organizational patterns.The results show that:First,the scale of the airline network is expanding,showing the characteristics of a"small world network"and double power law distribution,and the scale-free characteristics are not obvious.In addition,the air transport distance exhibits a decreasing trend from the United States,Europe,to China,and shows noncontinuous fluctuations with a downward pattern,following a certain distance decay law.Second,in contrast to China,where the distribution of airline network connectivity is relatively concentrated,Europe and America have a more evenly distributed spatial distribution of airline network connectivity.The development of airline hubs is influenced by multiple factors such as geographical location,administrative hierarchy,socio-economic conditions,tourism,airline headquarters layout and policies.Third,there is a characteristic"pyramidal"hierarchical structure to the airline connections at various levels,and air traffic tends to concentrate on a small number of city pairings.The merger and consolidation of airlines,as well as the implementation of significant policies,play a crucial role in shaping the structure of aviation networks.In Europe and the United States,the trend towards a multi-center network structure in the aviation industry is becoming increasingly prominent.In China,the aviation network has evolved from a triangular structure to a diamond-shaped structure.Fourth,the hub-and-spoke organizational model is demonstrated by China,America and Europe.However,the hub-andspoke airline network system in America and Europe is more refined,exhibiting the traits of a multi-hub,multi-spoke network system.While China is transitioning from a dual-hub to a multi-hub model.Finally,this article puts forward some policy recommendations aimed at providing scientific reference for the future development of civil aviation passenger transportation in China.