晚清至民国山西晋北地契初探——以保德地契为例

A Preliminary Study of Land Deeds in Shanxi North from Late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China——Taking Baode Land Deeds as an Example

土地买卖在封建社会普遍存在。作为土地流转、买卖的凭证,土地契约文书更是见证中国土地制度演变的重要历史资料。今在山西省忻州市保德县土崖塔村发现5张保存完好的清代地契,内容涉及土地交易、家族分家和经济等诸多方面,见证了明清时代土地买卖的程序。该文旨在刊布这些原始资料,采用分析法、文献研究法等方式对其进行研究,在地契中记载的相关土地交易内容中分析契约的类型、形制及交易土地的类型、出卖原因、计量单位等内容,并探讨契约中反映出的土地交易程序、税收制度,以及亲邻权等思想。并认为地权转让已慢慢法制化,但在偏远地区民间的一些约定俗成也具有相应的法律效力。

Land trading has been quite common in feudal society.As the evidence of land circulation and trading,land contract documents are important historical data to witness the evolution of China's land system.Five well-preserved land deeds of the Qing Dynasty were found in Tuyata Village,Bade County,Xinzhou City,Shanxi Province,which are related to land transactions,family division and economic aspects,witnessing the procedures of land sales in the Ming and Qing dynasties.This paper aims to publish these original materials,study them by means of analysis and literature research,analyze the types and forms of contracts,types of land transactions,reasons for sale,units of measurement,etc.in the relevant land transaction contents recorded in the land deeds,and explore the land transaction procedures,tax system,and ideas of neighbor rights reflected in the contracts.It is believed that the transfer of land rights has been gradually legalized,but some folk conventions in remote areas also have corresponding legal effects.