预防接种疫苗异常反应分析与对策研究

Analysis and Countermeasure Study on Abnormal Reaction to Vaccination

目的:分析预防接种疫苗异常反应并研究相关对策。方法:将广西壮族自治区疾病预防控制中心2022年1—12月的200例预防接种疫苗人群作为研究对象,观察接种者预防接种疫苗后的异常反应情况,并对其异常反应类型、原因及处理对策进行总结分析。结果:200例预防接种疫苗人群中有42例(21.00%)出现异常反应,其中发热5例(2.50%),呕吐4例(2.00%),腹泻8例(4.00%),食欲减退4例(2.00%),过敏性休克1例(0.50%),晕厥1例(0.50%),局部红肿5例(2.50%),头痛3例(1.50%),过敏性皮疹11例(5.50%)。42例出现异常反应人群疫苗接种种类包括HPV9价疫苗6例、HPV4价疫苗3例、HPV2价疫苗4例、乙肝疫苗3例、肺炎疫苗3例、流感疫苗2例、带状疱疹疫苗2例、狂犬疫苗18例、破伤风疫苗1例,其中狂犬疫苗占比较高。造成接种疫苗异常反应的原因包括个体因素、接种后作息、接种环境等方面,在个体因素中,由于紧张恐惧情绪引起的不良反应为15例(35.71%),疾病急性期11例(26.19%),过敏体质9例(21.43%),免疫力低下3例(7.14%);在接种后作息原因中,过度运动2例(4.76%);在接种环境原因中,闷热潮湿2例(4.76%)。结论:在预防接种疫苗中常会发生异常反应,其中过敏性皮疹发生率较高,异常反应发生原因较多,需要在疫苗接种前了解疫苗接种禁忌证,严格遵循相关规定,并加强相关知识宣教,当出现异常反应现象时,需给予相应干预及管理措施,以提升疫苗接种安全性。

Objective:To analyze the prevention of vaccine abnormal reaction and study the relevant countermeasures.Methods:In this study,two hundred cases of vaccinated people in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention from January 2022 to December 2022 were taken as the research objects to observe the abnormal reaction of vaccinated people after vaccination.The types,causes and countermeasures of abnormal reaction were summarized and analyzed.Results:Among the 200 vaccinations,42 cases(21.00%)had abnormal reactions,including fever in 5 cases(2.50%),vomiting in 4 cases(2.00%),diarrhea in 8 cases(4.00%),anorexia in 4 cases(2.00%),anaphylactic shock in 1 case(0.50%),syncope in 1 case(0.50%),5 cases of local redness(2.50%),3 cases of headache(1.50%)and 11 cases of allergic rash(5.50%);Among the 42 cases with abnormal reactions,6 cases received HPV9 vaccine,3 cases received HPV4 vaccine,4 cases received HPV2 vaccine,3 cases received hepatitis B vaccine,3 cases received pneumonia vaccine,2 cases received influenza vaccine,2 cases received herpes zoster vaccine,18 cases received rabies vaccine,and 1 case received tetanus vaccine,among which rabies vaccine accounted for a high proportion;The causes of abnormal reaction to vaccination included individual factors,post-vaccination rest and rest,vaccination environment and so on,among individual factors,there were 15 cases(35.71%)of adverse reactions caused by nervousness and fear,11 cases(26.19%)of acute disease,9 cases(21.43%)of allergic constitution,and 3 cases(7.14%)of immune deficiency;Among the reasons of rest and rest after vaccination,2 cases(4.76%)were excessive exercise;Among the environmental causes of inoculation,2 cases(4.76%)were hot and humid.Conclusion:Abnormal reactions often occur during vaccination,including a high incidence of allergic rash and many causes of abnormal reactions.It is necessary to understand the contraindication of vaccination before vaccination,strictly follow relevant regulations,and strengthen relevant knowledge and education.When abnormal reactions occur,appropriate intervention and management measures should be given to improve the safety of vaccination.