重新打开“阶级”的视野——长篇小说《艳阳天》再解读

Reopen the Perspective of Class-Reinterpreting Hao Ran's Novel Sunny Day

长篇小说《艳阳天》系浩然以自己在顺义、昌乐等地农村经历为原型撰写而成,是当时主流文学史家眼中“阶级论”痕迹最为严重的作品之一,而“阶级论”确实在其中起到了至关重要的作用。但改革开放以来,学界对《艳阳天》的认识主要局限于“阶级论”且聚焦于其负面制约效果之上,难免有过于相信詹姆逊所言意识形态“遏制策略”的嫌疑。实则马克思主义的“阶级”内涵比我们目前所理解的要更加深刻、复杂,更能深入“现实的个人”及其所置身的经济环境和社会环境,而《艳阳天》也在阶级话语的面影之下隐藏着更为广阔、芜杂的世界。只有重新打开“阶级”的视野,我们才能充分面对《艳阳天》所揭示的生气饱满的“追求着自己目的”的众生相,以及马克思主义难以解释的以关系和权力为核心的乡村中国复杂政治经济生态和生存逻辑。然而,《艳阳天》并不止于自然主义地呈现权力与关系,其目的仍在创构新的以平等为前提、兼通“小”“大”的文化共同体,这使之成为所谓“机械社会主义”在20世纪50至70年代文艺实践中的成功案例,值得今日学界重新辨识、发现。

The three-volume novel Sunny Day is based on the writer Hao Ran's personal experience of participating in the practice of agricultural collectivization in Shunyi City,Hebei Province and Lechang City,Shandong Province.The novel has a relatively solid factual basis,and is widely popular after publication.However,since the reform and opening up,the narration of literary history has been reversed.As a model text of socialist realism,Sunny Day also faces the reversal of the evaluation of literary history.It is regarded by the new mainstream narrative as one of the most serious traces of class theory literary works.This assessment is actually quite accurate.But class theory under the new enlightenment vision in the 1980s is mainly positioned as a non-literary ideological imagination that is relatively disconnected from real life.This negative observation is certainly valid,but it also puts too much faith in what Jameson calls an ideological containment strategy.In fact,the connotation of class in Marxism is much deeper and richer than we currently understand.It has profound meaning that Confucianism,Taoism,Buddhism and Liberalism cannot reach.The reason lies in the principle of the primacy of matter repeatedly emphasized by Marxism.Unlike later writers,Chen Zhongshi,for example,who dared to choose the observation perspective of culture first,Hao Ran had experienced cruel rural life,and always insisted on the materialistic perspective of material first.Therefore,Sunny Day profoundly reveals the survival logic of the disadvantaged groups in the rural areas of northern China,and presents countless people who pursue their own purposes.The reason why Sunny Day was popular at that time is that readers could see themselves and those they were familiar with from these people who pursue their own purposes.This depth and richness were largely obscured by the new enlightenment narratives in the 1980s.Of course,the vast rural world beyond class theory is also overshadowed.In fact,the so-called positive characters and negative characters in Sunny Day are more of Fei Xiaotong's egotists,who take personal relationships as the norm.Jiao Zhuanghu in Sunny Day is actually under the shadow of ideology,vaguely running on the original rural political and economic logic,that is,power and relationship.Only by opening the vision of class theory can we fully illuminate the vast and miscellaneous world in the Sunny Day.However,Sunny Day is not a naturalistic presentation of power and relationship,and the ultimate goal of its narrative is to create a new cultural community based on equality and integrating folk tradition and mainstream tradition.All these overlapping and interweaving elements make Sunny Day a successful case of mechanical socialism in the literary practice of the 1950s to 1970s.It is worth re-identifying and discovering in today's academic circles.