自卫权语境中的“不愿意或不能够标准”评析

Some Reflections on the“Unwilling or Unable”Standard for Resorting to the Right of Self-defence

禁止使用武力原则构成国际法的基本原则。自卫权遂成为各国开展对外军事行动时频繁诉诸的国际法依据。在早期理论和实践的基础上,美国近年来先后两次在致联合国安理会的信函中正式援引“不愿意或不能够标准”,试图在他国领土上自由打击非国家行为体,成为西方国家扩张自卫权的最新主张。但是,无论是从国家归因的角度,还是从自卫必要性的角度来看,该标准都无法与现行国际法规则兼容。同时,从目前有限的国家实践和国际社会的反应情况来看,该标准尚未演化为国际习惯法规则。未来该标准也不宜进化为具有法律约束力的国际法规则,这是因为:该标准内涵缺乏精确界定,实质性地降低了自卫权适用的门槛标准,完全突破了自卫权的时间限制。中国应当坚决抵制美国等西方国家对外输出的此类单边主义规则,切实维护以国际法为基础的国际秩序和以联合国为核心的国际体系。

The prohibition of the use of force constitutes the fundamental principle of international law.Accordingly,the right of self-defence has been frequently invoked as the legal basis for overseas military operations.Based on early theory and practice,USA has twice officially adopted"unwilling or unable"standard in letters addressed to UN Security Council in order to freely strike non-State actors in the territory of other States,which is the most recent claim for western powers to expend the right of self-defence.Nevertheless,in light of State attribution and the necessity for selfdefence,such standard can hardly be compatible with existing international legal rules.Meanwhile,considering the limited State practice and reactions from international community,it has not become new rule of customary international law.Nor should it evolve into a legally binding rule under international law for such standard lacks accurate definition of content,lowers down substantially the threshold for applyinggself-defence,and breaks through totally the temporal limitation of self-defence.China should boycott determinedly such a unilateral rule exported by western powers including USA,and uphold faithfully the international order underpinned by internationall aw as well astheUN-centred international system.