多边条约中无效保留的法律后果——以国际人权条约为例的探讨

Consequences of Invalid Reservations in Multilateral Treaties-An Exploration of International Human Rights Treaties as An Example

现行国际法中并无关于条约无效保留后果的规定,因此相关争议长期存在,特别是在人权条约领域内,不同主体对无效保留后果的看法大相径庭。国际社会在处理无效保留的过程中逐渐形成了允许性、可反对性和可分割性三种不同的理论,国家、区域性人权法院及人权条约机构适用这些理论,形成了丰富的案例。国际法律规则与国际法主体实践相互影响,推动了问题的研究。国际法委员会为解决无效保留后果问题广泛调查各类主体的不同态度,并提出了《对条约的保留实践指南》。但关于如何处置无效保留,目前仍未形成国际共识和标准,需要国际社会的进一步关注。

The absence of provisions on the consequences of invalid reservations to treaties in current international law has led to a long-standing controversy,particularly in the field of human rights treaties,with different subjects having very different views on how to respond to invalid reservations.The international community has gradually developed three different theories of permissibility,opposability and severability in dealing with invalid reservations,which have been applied by nations,regional human rights bodies and human rights treaty bodies,resulting in a rich body of case law.The interaction between international legal rules and the practice of subjects of international law on the question of how to deal with invalid reservations has given impetus to the study of the problem.The International Law Commission has extensively investigated the different attitudes of various subjects to address the consequences of invalid reservations and has proposed the Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties.However,there is still no international consensus or standard on how to deal with invalid reservations,and further attention from the international community is needed.