清末新政中的保甲整顿与乡镇巡警建设

The Rectification of Baojia and the Construction of Township Patrol Police in the New Policy of the Late Qing Dynasty

近代警察制度的移植是清末新政中国家治理制度变革的重要内容,而县级以下乡镇巡警的建设亦是清末警政改革的重要组成部分。在现实的制度更迭之中,新式的乡镇巡警制度建立也并非一蹴而就,一贯被目为低效无用的保甲制度在此间又被重新强调。整顿保甲而为巡警之先导,在当时也是乡镇巡警建设的一种折中办法,传统的旧制度资源在新的历史环境之下实现了某种程度的调适。乡镇巡警的创设,使得国家权力对于基层社会治安控制的触角得以进一步延伸,参与基层乡镇警政建设的地方士绅在警权扩张的过程中也实现了绅权的扩张,这或许又会形成与官权的另一种内在紧张。乡镇巡警制度的创建和推行也正是现代国家治理在中国生成和发展的重要组成部分,历史的经验对当下基层治理体系和治理能力现代化的推进也有着一定的借鉴意义。

The transplantation of modern police system is an important part of the reform of national governance system in the New Policy of the late Qing Dynasty,and the construction of township patrol police below the county level is also an important part of the police reform in the late Qing Dynasty.In the real system change,the establishment of the new township patrol system is not achieved overnight,and the Baojia system,which has always been regarded as inefficient and useless,has been re-emphasized here.It was also a compromise method for the construction of township patrol police at that time.The traditional old system resources have been adjusted to some extent under the new historical environment.The creation of township patrol police has further extended the tentacles of state power to the control of preliminary social security.The local gentry who participates in the construction of preliminary township police have also realized the expansion of gentry power in the process of police power expansion,which may form another internal tension with official power.The establishment and implementation of the township patrol system is also an important component of the generation and development of modern national governance in China.Historical experience also has certain reference significance for the modernization of preliminary governance systems and governance capabilities.