2022年贵州省粮油作物生育期气象条件及其影响分析

Analysis of Meteorological Conditions and Their Effects during the Growth Period of Grain and Oil Crops in Guizhou Province in 2022

为了评估2022年贵州省气象条件对主要粮油作物的影响,该文利用84个观测站的气温、降水、日照3个气象要素的变化特点,结合作物生物学特性及生育期,并与历史同期气象条件进行对比。结果表明:(1)夏收粮油作物播种以来气象条件利大于弊:油菜播期受干旱影响推迟,但生长后期气象条件好于前期,尤其是油菜产量形成关键期光温水匹配较好,利于产量形成及成熟收获。(2)秋粮作物生长期内农业气象条件利弊相当:玉米、水稻等秋收粮食生长季光热条件优良,降水分布不均,水稻生长期前期气象条件好于后期,后期夏伏旱和高温灾害偏重发生,影响总体粒重水平;玉米灌浆期大部地区光温条件优良,利于粒重的形成,收获期晴热少雨利于收晒。因此2022年贵州省粮油作物生长期内气象条件利弊相当,属于正常气候年景。

In order to evaluate the impact of meteorological conditions on major grain and oil crops in Guizhou Province in 2022,this study based on the changes in temperature,precipitation,and sunlight at 84 observation stations,combined with crop biological characteristics and growth period periods,and compared with historical meteorological conditions at the same period.The result show that(1)since the sowing of summer grain and oil crops,the advantages of meteorological conditions outweigh the disadvantages:the sowing period of rapeseed is delayed due to the influence of drought,but he meteorological conditions in the later stage of crop growth are better than in the early stage,especially in the key period of rapeseed yield formation,with good matching of light,temperature,and water,which is conducive to yield formation and mature harvest.(2)The agricultural meteorological conditions during the growth period of autumn crops have similar advantages and disadvantages:during the growth season of autumn crops such as corn and rice,the light and heat conditions are excellent,and the distribution of precipitation is uneven.The meteorological conditions in the early stage of rice growth are better than those in the later stage,while summer drought and high temperature disasters are more severe in the later stage,affecting the formation of yield.During the filling period of corn,most areas have excellent light and temperature conditions,which are conducive to the formation of grain weight.The conditions in the later stage are conducive to the harvesting and drying of grains.Therefore,the meteorological conditions during the growth period of grain and oil crops in Guizhou Province in 2022 have similar advantages and disadvantages,and belong to a normal climate year.