旅游驱动下传统民族村寨文化景观演化特征与机理研究——基于贵州西江苗寨的案例

Study on the evolution characteristics and mechanism of traditional ethnic village cultural landscape driven by tourism——Based on the case of Xijiang Miao Village in Guizhou

文化景观是地域文化的重要表征形式,旅游发展不可避免地影响地域文化景观的演化。以大规模旅游活动为主导动因,运用实地调查和参与式制图法,对贵州西江苗寨文化景观演化特征与机理进行分析。结果表明:①西江苗寨物质文化景观整体演化强度较高,呈现出聚落协调扩张、土地利用破碎化,民居景观服务化,服饰景观展演化特征。②非物质文化景观整体演化程度较低,呈现出饮食文化景观再地方化,制度文化景观外显化,语言文化景观稳固化,歌舞节庆文化景观他娱化特征。③西江苗寨文化景观演化是多元利益主体共同作用的结果。旅游者通过旅游凝视与主客互动引导村寨文化景观的演化,政府和旅游经营者通过权力调配和资本的介入对村寨文化景观的演化进行规训与筛选,村寨居民通过社区参与对村寨文化景观进行叙事与重构。

Cultural landscape is an important representation form of regional social culture.Tourism development inevitably affects the evolution of regional cultural landscape.This paper took large-scale tourism activities as the leading motive,and used field investigation and participatory mapping to analyze the evolution characteristics and mechanism of cultural landscape in Xijiang Miao Village.The results showed that:①The overall evolution intensity of the material cultural landscape of Xijiang Miao Village was high,and the evolution showed the characteristics of coordinated expansion of settlement,fragmentation of land use,service of residential landscape and performance of costume landscape.②The overall evolution degree of intangible cultural landscape was low,and the evolution showed the characteristics of re-localization of food culture landscape,the institutional cultural landscape was manifested,the language cultural landscape was stabilized,and the cultural landscape of song and dance festival was an evolutionary feature of other entertainment.③The cultural landscape evolution of Xijiang Miao Village was the result of the joint action of multiple stakeholders.Tourists guided the evolution of the cultural landscape of villages through tourist gaze and host-guest interaction.The government and tourism operators disciplined and selected the evolution of village cultural landscapes through power allocation and capital intervention.Village residents narrated and reconstructed the cultural landscape of the village through community participation.