基于差别易感性模型的儿童亲子依恋研究综述

A Review of Children’s Attachment Research Based on Differential Susceptibility Model

依恋是个体与生活中特定对象间建立的强烈情感联系,它会对儿童的心理发展产生重要的影响。差别易感性模型是遗传-环境交互作用研究的主要理论模型之一,它强调某些易感性特征儿童在积极养育环境中会发展得“更好”,而在消极养育环境中会发展得“更差”。梳理国内外相关研究,发现基于差别易感性模型的儿童亲子依恋研究主要包括依恋风格、依恋与情绪调节、依恋与适应行为和依恋干预等4个方面。这一领域研究的意义启示主要包括3个方面:从可塑性角度看待“困难气质”个体;从可控性角度重视养育环境塑造;从交互作用视角重视依恋干预和代际传递。

Attachment refers to a deep emotional bond that connects one person to another in daily life,which has a significant impact on children’s psychological development.Differential susceptibility model is one of the main theoretical models to explain the interaction of genes and environment,emphasizing that children with certain susceptibility characteristics will develop“better”in positive rearing environments and“worse”in negative rearing environments.By reviewing the relevant research home and abroad,it is found that there are mainly four aspects of the research on children’s attachment based on the differential susceptibility model,that is,attachment style,attachment and emotion regulation,attachment and adaptation behavior,and attachment intervention.The inspiration of the research in this field mainly includes three aspects,that is,viewing individuals with“difficult temperament”from the perspective of plasticity,emphasizing the shaping of the rearing environment from the perspective of controllability,and attaching importance to attachment intervention and intergenerational transmission from the perspective of interaction.