中国H5/H7亚型禽流感疫苗研制和应用进展

Progress in development and application of H5/H7 avian influenza vaccines in China

1959年以来,H5/H7亚型AIVs持续危害养禽业发展和公共卫生健康.为有效控制家禽中H5/H7亚型AIVs,我国自1996年分离到第一株H5N1亚型AIV后,就开始进行防控疫苗的研发.近20年来,灭活疫苗、活载体疫苗和核酸疫苗相继研发成功,其中灭活疫苗和活载体疫苗已推向应用,并根据病毒变异多次更新,为我国2004年以来实施“扑杀+疫苗免疫”的防控策略提供关键科技支撑.截至2022年底,相关疫苗在我国及“一带一路”多个国家累计应用超3000亿羽份.疫苗的应用有效控制了我国及相关国家的H5亚型HPAI,在近期全球H5亚型HPAI疫情大暴发的背景下,使我国家禽产业“独善其身”;同时几乎根除了我国2013年以来出现的H7N9亚型AIVs,完全消除了其对人的感染,成为全球“人病兽防”的典范,创造了巨大社会和经济效益.我国HPAI防控的成功实践为欧美等发达国家HPAI防控政策由“扑杀”向“疫苗免疫”的科学转变提供了重要借鉴.本文对我国H5/H7亚型AI疫苗研制、应用效果和面临的挑战进行综述,以期为未来HPAI防控提供参考.

Since 1959,H5/H7 subtype avian influenza viruses(AIVs)have continued to endanger the development of the poultry industry and public health.In order to effectively control the H5/H7 subtype AIVs in poultry,China began to develop the vaccines for prevention and control of H5/H7 subtype avian influenza(AI)after the first H5N1 virus was isolated in poultry in 1996.In the past 20 years,inactivated vaccines,live vector vaccines,and nucleic acid vaccines have been successfully developed in China,among which inactivated vaccines and live vector vaccines have been widely used in poultry and vaccine seed viruses have been updated several times according to virus variation.These vaccines provided key scientific and technological support for China's implementation of the“culling plus vaccination”prevention and control strategy since 2004.By the end of 2022,more than 300 billion doses of relevant vaccines have been applied in China and many countries along the“Belt and Road”.The application of the vaccine effectively controlled the H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)in China and related countries,and guaranteed the China's poultry industry in the context of the recent global H5 AI outbreak.At the same time,vaccination in poultry had eradicated the H7N9 virus that appeared in China in 2013,and completely eliminated its infection to humans,which became a global model of“human disease and animal prevention”,and created huge economic and social benefits and global impact.The great success of bird flu prevention and control in China provides important reference for the scientific transformation of bird flu prevention and control policy from“culling”to“vaccination”in developed countries such as Europe and America.In this review,we summarize the progress of AI vaccines development,application efficacy of H5/H7 subtype AI vaccines,and current challenges in China,in order to provide a reference for the prevention and control of HPAI in the future.