真理、良知与爱——甘地非暴力主义的形上学基础

Truth,Conscience,and Love:the Metaphysical Foundation of Gandhian Nonviolence

甘地的非暴力主义首先是一种伦理思想,其次才是一种政治思想。非暴力不是仅仅以理智推理为根据的行为规则,对其形上学基础的分析表明:一个人为什么要成为道德的,亦即为什么要选择非暴力的生活方式,与其看待人类存在的方式密切相关。甘地相信人类在本质上的一体,所有人都作为一个整体而存在,因此,你对别人的行为也正是你对自己的行为。于是,甘地非暴力主义的形上学基础呈现为这样一种自我实现理论:(1)自我实现预设了对真理的寻求;(2)对真理的最终分析表明,人类是一个整体;(3)伤害自我将使完全的自我实现成为不可能;(4)伤害他人就是伤害自我;(5)伤害他人将使完全的自我实现成为不可能。不伤害他人,亦即非暴力,在根本的意义上并非来自外在的要求,而是根源于内在的自我实现的要求。

Gandhis nonviolence is first and foremost an ethical ideology,followed by a political ideology.Nonviolent behavior is not just based on rational reasoning,but an analysis of its metaphysical basis shows that why a person becomes moral,that is,why they choose a non-violent lifestyle,is closely related to the way they view human existence.Gandhi believed in the essential unity of humanity,where all humans exist as a whole.Therefore,your behavior towards others is also your own behavior.Thus,the metaphysical basis of Gandhis nonviolence is presented as a selfrealization theory:(1)self-realization presupposes the search for truth;(2)In the final analysis of truth,humanity is a whole;(3)Harming oneself will make complete self-realization impossible;(4)To harm others is to harm oneself;(5)Harming others will make complete selfrealization impossible.At this point,it goes without saying that not harming others,also known as nonviolence,fundamentally does not come from external demands,but from internal demands rooted in self-realization.